The Role of Motivation in Project Management Dissertation

The Role of Motivation in Project Management - Dissertation Example Engineering and construction is one of the primary factors of human evolution and therefore, the evolution of the society through construction depends on success of project management. Consequently, project management depends on the ability of the project managers to generate, nurture, and maintain high levels of motivation in all levels of project management. Although motivation on the base level where practical work happens is usually taken as the most fruitful target for motivation, other levels of project management including the highest project managerial levels needs to be equally motivated. The proposed study is overwhelmingly important to the author and the primary focus will be on the role of motivation in success of project management in the construction industry. Much of the insight on role of motivation in project management can be found on authentic books and authoritative internet sources. Different theorists and researchers have exhaustively explored theories of motivation in different aspects. Various definitions of motivation theories will be explored in the light of motivation and its influence on success of project management. However, only motivational aspects relating to motivation in construction industry will be discussed. ... Objectives 1. To make a profound research on literature discussing the field of motivation and correlate the information that will be obtained to success in project management in the construction industry. Key areas of consideration to achieve the above objective will include a) Theories of motivation b) Motivation factors c) Motivation as it applies to project teams d) Project management and teams 2. To ascertain the role of motivation in project management by looking at practical case studies. Key areas to be considered are a) How the project was carried out b) Motivation issues within the case study c) How the motivation issue was addressed d) Outcome of the motivation in relation to success or failure of the project Hypotheses 1. Motivation has a direct effect on the success of project management initiatives in the construction industry 2. Construction companies that adopt proficient motivation strategies record increased success in their project objectives Purpose of Study Effic ient management of construction projects is increasingly becoming more important as competition in the construction industry increases. The modern world is presenting more challenges for construction industry thereby increasing performance pressure on construction project managers. This increases the need for project managers to increase the output of project teams by any possible means. Since motivation is one of the greatest tools of meeting the objectives of project teams, a clear understanding of the relationship between the two concepts becomes overwhelmingly important. It is therefore, the purpose of this study to make profound investigation into the relationship between motivation and success of project teams with the purposes of shedding

Plan is a Magic Instrument for All Essay Example for Free

Plan is a Magic Instrument for All Essay Plan is a small, four-lettered, apparently innocuous-looking word packed with power that can make or break the world, both literally and figuratively. In fact the connotation of the word plan spreads across the universe, as even the universe is an outcome of a divine plan! There is a plethora of definitions of plan (Definitions, 2010), but this author finds plan as an instrument applicable under any circumstance that needs a systematic arrangement of thoughts, things, actions and outcomes. It is a Magic Instrument for All The above definition carries a fair hint about the potential of this word, besides hinting about its multidimensional utility value as an instrument, applicable in all possible spheres. To Jack Welch, a plan may sound the outcome of a business venture, while to Le Corbusier, a plan may sound as the precursor of joy associated with an architectural form, to a football coach, plan might sound as the passage towards victory over the opponent. This shows that plan acts as a procedure towards achieving both physical and metaphysical objectives. In the process it can be seen that plan is associated with futuristic implications and present state of skill with which one plans. From this perspective plan brings forth the issues like ability and application, where the ability serves a pointer to both cognitive and emotional intelligence, because there is no denying the fact that the degrees of emotional and cognitive ability have correlations with the quality of a plan. It is that internal organization of individuals that gets reflected in their actions. Another subject is virtually embedded with plan, i. e. , innovation. Plan does not follow the beaten path more often than not, and thus it requires a unique organization of a thought that would be capable of coming into a full cycle like beginning, middle and end. From this perspective one can say, plan is an instrument to unearth dreams – it helps humans to give form to the intrinsic desires. Conclusion While plan is an all-pervasive instrument to cut short the road towards goal in general, for a thinker it is a magic instrument that enables humans to organize their intrinsic thoughts to cut short the road towards self-actualization. References Definitions of Plan on the Web. (2010). Retrieved May 1, 2010, from http://www. google. co. in/search? hl=enclient=firefox-arls=org. mozilla:en- US:officialdefl=enq=define:planei=MO_bS95RxbasB8PPsP0Hsa=Xoi= glossary_definitionct=titleved=0CAkQkAE

How Successful Is Rolex Marketing Essay

How Successful Is Rolex Marketing Essay Rolex is among the top ranked luxury brands in the wristwatch industry that has created its distinctive position in the market by targeting only affluent people. Rolex has been targeting niche market since its initial days; the main aim of the company is to provide quality seeking people with the best wristwatches that have been designed with superior quality raw materials and people who have expertise in this field. The watches are developed with highly experienced and well-trained people who have thorough knowledge and understanding about the wristwatch designing and manufacturing. In order to reach the right target market, Rolex has made a drastic changed in its marketing strategy by moving from traditional mediums such as Television Advertisements and advertisements in newspapers and magazines to celebrity endorsements such as Roger Federer and events sponsorships; both of these elements have created a new image in the market. As people are willing to invest in those brands that will enhance their relationship with their favorite personalities, Rolex has capitalized on this aspect. The primary research conducted among the college students revealed that they are willing to own Rolex brand as it helps them in developing an association with their favorite star. Hence, Rolex is doing aggressive marketing so that it can capture the attention of its target market, enhance its distinctive image worldwide and keep on making valuable contribution in the wristwatch industry. Introduction In luxury wristwatches industry, Rolex is the leading name and it has become a status symbol worldwide. Since Rolex has been meeting the demands of its customers for so many years and has become among the top hundred brands of the world, it is of great interest to know the secret of the success of Rolex. One of the important aspects of every brand is its marketing strategy because it gives it a sense of direction about the efforts that need to be done so that it can capture the attention of its target market and convey positive message to its customers (Key Note, 2011). Research Objectives and Questions The main research objectives of this study are: To gather information about top brands of wristwatch industry. To identify the marketing activities conducted by Rolex to attract the customers. To evaluate the image held by the customers about Rolex brand. In order to understand the current marketing strategy employed by Rolex, following research questions will be addressed to achieve the objectives of the study: Why is Rolex such a successful brand? What is the marketing strategy followed by Rolex to maintain its position in the market? Why are the customers of Rolex satisfied with its wristwatches? Importance of the Study The study will help in understanding the importance of marketing strategy in creating right positioning in the market. When the marketing strategies of top ranked brands are studied, an in-depth understanding about the relevant topic can be developed. Rolexs current marketing strategy will assist in analyzing the success of Rolex in such dynamic and competitive wristwatch industry. Limitations of the Study The scope of the research is limited as there are both time and resource constraints. The research is exploratory in nature and it is comprised of questionnaire-survey. The questionnaire has been designed in consensus with the previous work done by some authors as the questions are designed in accordance with the variables identified to be studied for the research purpose which is discussed in the Literature Review section. The availability of pure study of the subject was another constraint as the researcher is inexperienced and may lack certain skills which can affect the research paper. Literature Review Brief Introduction of Rolex Whenever a customer wears Rolex watch, it enhances the persons personality which makes a statement that the person has a great taste of style and fashion (Gautschi, 2005). Since Rolex watches are designed exclusively for upper class, only selected group of people can enjoy the prestige of owning the brand. Rolex has been in the market since 1995 and it is has its headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland. It has employed more than four thousand watchmakers in about one hundred countries (Mulier, 2010). Rolex was the first brand to introduce waterproof watch in the year 1926. All of the watches are designed with fine quality materials and everything is done in detail so that there are no defects in the final products (Brandz, 2010). In order to build a successful brand in the market, it is important for the companies to focus on development of realistic and well-designed marketing strategy that will support them in achieving their desired objectives (Wansink, 2003). Likewise, brand equity, brand image and marketing strategy are the main areas of studying a brand as they help in determining the factors that influence the customers to make a purchasing decision (Saha, 2012). Marketing Strategy The marketing strategy is one of the key elements of every business plan because the mediums that can be used to reach the target market have to be selected carefully. It is important for an organization to design its marketing strategy on the basis of two most important factors i.e. who is being targeted (target market profile) and which mediums will be applicable for communicating right message about the brand (Keller, 2008). Like any business plan, marketing strategy has a set of objectives that a company wants to achieve for its survival in the market; the key to developing right position in the market is to develop a set of goals on the basis of critical factors which will also help a company to monitor the effectiveness of its marketing strategy (Rao, Agrawal Dahlhoff, 2004). A good marketing strategy is one that is developed with the consensus of the management team of a company and its employees so that there are fewer chances that any important point is overlooked (World Watch Report, 2012). In order to develop an effective marketing strategy, the foremost thing to consider is the target market as it will give an indication about the direction that the company should follow to achieve its goals. An ideal strategy is one that makes the best use of both traditional and online marketing mediums to create, maintain and strengthen its position in the market (Coupland, 2005). In order to attract the customers appropriately, the best way is to design a marketing strategy that has a perfect blend of Above-the-line (ATL) activities and Below-the-line (BTL) activities along with Public Relations and promotional activities (Key Note, 2011). ATL activities comprise of Advertisements on Television and Radio and in newspapers and magazine; all of these forms require heavy amount of investment. BTL activities include brochures, leaflets, billboards, flyers, buntings and etc.; the cost of these activities is comparatively less than that of ATL activities. The marketing activities of each company is determined that is compatible with the type of product or service offering, the target audience and marketing budget (Brandz, 2010). For instance, the marketing activities of Unilever comprise of advertisements, sponsorship of events, promotional offers, billboards and celebrity endorsements. Standard Chartered uses the ATL and BTL activities for consumer segment and one to one marketing for the business segment. Hence, every organization and brand has to ensure that it designs a marketing strategy after doing careful market analysis as it has to gather information about the activities that competitors are doing, the latest trend in the market, customers changing needs, changes in business environment and modification in trade policies worldwide (Gautschi, 2005). Marketing Strategy of Rolex The two main elements of Rolex strategy are tradition and conservatism which means that it has the same product and same communication strategy for decades. The communication strategy is unique that complements the differentiation constituent of its products that has enabled the company to maintain its competitive edge in the wristwatch industry. When the brand started growing in popularity, it kept nurturing itself and added celebrity endorsement so that the customers can develop an association with the brand (Saha, 2012). One interesting fact about Rolex strategy is that it has created a mystery element around its brand which has been an appealing feature for the customers (Brandz, 2010). It has been considered as a male watch for a long period and it has started to penetrate slowly into the female wristwatch market. The backward vertical integration is done by the company so that future supply can be secured and there is less competition within the industry. From the study of Rolex advertisements and marketing activities such as sponsorship of events, it is evident that its marketing strategy is truly a sponsorship and celebrity endorsement strategy. There are two distinctive categories of advertisement done by Rolex i.e. celebrity endorsements and pure product campaigns. The most commonly used medium of advertisements is publishing ads in newspapers and magazines, running Television Commercials and displaying billboards. However, celebrity endorsement is done at a wider level as it helps in developing a luxury brand image. In order to understand the effectiveness of Rolex marketing strategy, Brandz (2010) and Mullier (2010) conducted researches to evaluate the impact of celebrity endorsement on the customers; the survey was carried out and it was found that people buy Rolex because it allows the user to experience the sensation of being a celebrity and wearing the watch enhances the personality of the person as it makes a person stand out from the crowd. The endorsements by celebrity also helps in getting trust of the customers as they believe that any endorsement done by a well-known personality emphasizes that the product or service is genuine and it is worth giving so much money. Most people buy luxury goods so that they can have some similarity with their favorite personalities; hence, Rolex is using this strategy to capture its customers and has been successful in increasing its market share at a faster pace (World Watch Report). In this research, the key terminologies that are studied are brand association, customer loyalty and celebrity endorsement. Brand association is the sense of belonging that the customer develops when using a particular brand, customer loyalty is the customers desire of purchasing the same brand on repeated basis and celebrity endorsement is using celebrities in the advertisement to promote a brand (Keller, 2008). Research Methodology The nature of the research is both qualitative and quantitative as the topic is vast and there are no concrete definitions available for the concepts that are being studied i.e. brand association, marketing strategy, customer loyalty and celebrity endorsement. Since the human factors are being studied, it is important that after gathering sufficient theoretical knowledge, the data collected is analyzed properly. The data is collected by conducting both primary and secondary researches. The secondary sources of information are compiled mainly from the research journals and articles along with the books available on many online stores. The variables for the study are deduced after careful evaluation of all factors. The variables have been defined in detail so that an understanding about the purpose of research can be easily developed. The primary data is collected by conducting a small survey that comprise of fifty respondents. Online data collection method was used to reach the respondents as contacting them via email was the easiest method. The sampling method used was convenience sampling as all the respondents were college students and accessing data via online survey was the most feasible option. When the questionnaire was developed, a pilot test was done on ten respondents to determine the understanding capability of the respondents and to ensure that the respondents had no difficulty in the questionnaires. The questionnaire comprised on ten structured questions so that the respondents had to select the option that best met their opinion. The main aim of this survey was to identify the image of Rolex in young people and also to determine the meaning of brand association in this market. Although the brand is considered to be a luxury brand but it is vital to get the viewpoint of the customers to understand the factors that led to the development of such image. The questions revolved around the key concepts i.e. brand association, customer loyalty and celebrity endorsement. Other factors that can impact the marketing strategy were studied to identify the extent to which they can have impact on the customers such as Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) activities, ethical practices, environmental friendly policies and business operations, Public Relations and many more. Since the response rate is slow in online data collection method, the entire data was collected in ten days. When some of the respondents gave half-filled questionnaires, they were asked to fill them again and submit a completely filled questionnaire. Some interviews were also planned with Rolex marketing people but due to some important project, interview sessions were not conducted; otherwise, the information would have been more authentic and up-to-date. Once the data was collected, it was then entered in the excel sheet which was later used for in-depth analysis. When data analysis was done, undue care was given to the tools used for analysis. Since the main purpose was to understand Rolex association in customers minds, the analysis was kept simple as most of the data is presented in descriptive statistics i.e. frequency, percentage, means and etc. so that readers can easily understand the findings of the research. The main problems encountered during the research were slow response rate and cancellation of interviews with Rolexs marketing department people. Findings The data collected from primary and secondary researches showed that the luxury brands in the wristwatch industry are Rolex, Omega, Dior, Cartier, Tag Heuer and Swatch. Majority of the people ranked Rolex and Cartier as the best luxury brands that have high quality and give the users a sense of pride for owning the watch of leading brands. The key factor that influenced in creation of such perception was the celebrity endorsement. More than 80% of the respondents that they get attracted those advertisements that have their favorite personalities or celebrities as they know that the person will tell the truth about the brand. Almost 70% of the respondents agreed that they buy a brand because they want to develop an association with their favorite star and want to share something similar so that they can enjoy the feeling of belongingness with their aspiring personality. The respondents agreed that Rolex is a luxury brand and they can only recall those ads that had some celebrity in them as it is easier to recall a brand in this way. Only 60% of the respondents were aware of CSR activities and sponsored events organized by Rolex; it shows that the celebrity endorsement strategy works best for Rolex customers. From the primary research, it was found that only 10% had a Rolex watch which was given to them as a gift; remaining 90% agreed that the price of Rolex watches is high and only few people can afford to buy them. Even when such luxury brand watches are bought, they need to be handled with care because slight negligence can cause huge amount of repairing cost. The respondents believe that there should be a separate line of watches for those people who are looking for premium quality watches but at affordable rates. Conclusion Rolex is a luxury brand that can be bought by only selected group of people; the company has clarity about its target market and has designed its marketing strategy in accordance with the market requirements. The current marketing strategy used by Rolex comprises of celebrity endorsement and sponsoring of events. Majority of the advertisements are placed in magazines and newspapers of elite class so that they can be informed about the watches. When new watch is introduced by the company, advertisements are run on Television so that awareness about the product can be created. Rolex has created distinctive image in the market by portraying itself as the luxurious brand that is worn by celebrities. Everyone who wants to develop an association with any of the favorite personalities is buying and using Rolex watches. Hence, the marketing strategy used by Rolex has helped it in achieving its set goals of marketing strategy and it has positioned itself distinctively from its competitors.

The story of Saint Catherine Laboure Essay -- social issues

The story of Saint Catherine Laboure Saint Catherine personally worked no miracles, nor did she practice externally heroic charity like other great saints. She sprang from upper middle class parents among the meadows and vineyards of Burgundy, France. Her father was an educated man and an excellent farmer living in the village of Fain-les-Moutiers not far from DiJon. Her sanctity consists in half a century of faithful service as a simple Daughter of Charity. Catherine was born of Peter and Louise Laboure on May 2, 1806. She was the ninth child of a family of eleven. The day after her birth she was baptized on the feast of the Finding of The True Cross. Even the feast of Catherine's baptism was prophetic, because Catherine was to find the cross in every turn of her life, and to have deep devotion for it, and to see a mysterious vision of the cross. When Catherine was nine years old, her saintly mother died. After the burial service, little Catherine went to her room, stood on a chair, took our Lady's statue from the wall, kissed it, and said: "Now, dear Lady, you are to be my mother." On January 25, 1818, Catherine received her First Holy Communion. From that day on she arose every morning at 4:00 a.m., walked several miles to church in order to assist at Mass, and to pray. One day she had a dream in which she saw an old priest say Mass. After Mass, the priest turned and beckoned her with his finger, but she drew backwards, keeping her eye on him. The vision moved to a sick room where she saw the same priest, who said: "My child, it is a good deed to look after the sick; you run away now, but one day you will be glad to come to me. God has designs on you - do not forget it." Later, she awoke, not knowing the significance of the dream. Sometime later, while visiting a hospital of the Daughters of Charity, Catherine noticed a priest's picture on the wall. She asked a sister who he was, and was told: "Our Holy Founder Saint Vincent de Paul." This was the same priest Catherine had seen in the dream. In January of 1830, Catherine Laboure became a postulant in the hospice of the Daughters of Charity at Catillon-sur-Seine. Three months later she was again in Paris, this time to enter the Seminary at the Mother House of the Daughters of Charity. Shortly after she entered her new home, God was pleased to grant her several extraordinary visions. On thr... ...d any praise and promise so she fled from it. She wanted to be left alone to carry out her humble duties as a Daughter of Charity. For over forty years, she spent her every effort in caring for the aged and infirm, not revealing to those about her that she had been the recipient of our Lady's medal. The Sisters with whom she lived held her in the highest esteem, and each one longed to be her companion. In 1876, Catherine felt she would die before the end of the year. Mary Immaculate gave Catherine leave to speak and break the silence of forty-six years. Catherine revealed to her Sister Superior that she was the sister to whom the Blessed Mother appeared. On December31, 1876, Saint Catherine passed on to the hands of Mary, this time, however, in heaven. Today her beautiful remains still lie fresh and serene. When her body was exhumed in 1933 it was found as fresh as the day it was buried. Her incorrupt body is encased in glass beneath the side altar at 140 Rue du Bac, Paris, beneath one of the spots where our Lady appeared to her. In the Chapel of the Apparition you can gaze upon the face and the lips that for forty-six years kept a secret, which has since shaken the world.

A Critical Analsysis Cultural Event Essay

School shootings has been a popularized term in both the United States and Canada for describing gun violence at educational institutions around the country. This especially applies to mass killings or shooting sprees perpetuated by the students or members of the faculty. School shootings are differentiated from acts of terrorism in that they are usually randomly targeted victims and involve students, faculty or alumni of the institution involved. This marked difference can be seen when we differentiate the Beslan School Hostage Taking (BBC News, 2004) from the Columbine Massacre. For our purposes, we would use the Columbine Massacre as our cultural event to be analyzed. This massacre has been well documented by a mountain of resources and has been extensively analyzed by researchers, law enforcement officers and medical practitioners. The Columbine Massacre is a well-known tragedy in the United States. It was a tragic day where two students who attended Columbine High School shot at their fellow students and teachers. This tragedy ended with more tragedy when the two students took their own lives. The abrupt and sudden death of the two students gave rise to more questions regarding this tragic incident. After the death of so many lives, no one was left to answer what motivated these two seemingly common boys to do such inhumane acts. Main Argument The purpose of writing a critical analysis of this event is to uncover the â€Å"deeper† implications of the event of school shootings on culture as a whole and on the writer as an individual. We will delve at the issue of school shooting from different angles that would show issues in our culture. It is the argument of this writer that school shootings can be prevented. To do this, we must pass stricter laws in gun control, prevent school violence, and reduce the amount of violence in multimedia and the Internet. Our effort to handle this tragedy has led to a valiant effort to rationalize and find solutions to prevent another Columbine. We must use this information and take responsibility by taking adequate measures in law and in practice. School shootings then as an event has brought to light the following issues: gun control, school violence, violence in multimedia and the internet, our culture on handling tragedies and our own responsibility towards preventing future killings. Support for Argument – Different Angles Gun Control The issue of gun control has been front and center in the debate regarding prevention of another Columbine Massacre. To support my main argument that stricter gun control laws can prevent another Columbine, it is argued that our laws on gun control are too lax. The access by which the shooters had to guns of high caliber and quantity of explosives prove the inherent laxity of our country’s gun control laws. In his movie, â€Å"Bowling for Columbine†, Michael Moore illustrates how guns are given away even when you open bank accounts in America. Even in Wal-Mart stores, guns were readily available. It has only been recently that Wal-Mart has pulled out guns from a third of its US stores. Even then, the company cites marketing decisions rather than lawful restrictions in its decision. (Pioneer Press, 2006) Stricter gun control laws will ensure that access and availability of guns will only be reserved for law enforcement. The consuming public, much less our children, must not be able to readily access guns without adequate reason. This reason must be well-defined in law and properly implemented to prevent young children from getting their hands on high-caliber weapons. Violence in Multimedia and the Internet The role of violence in multimedia and the Internet was a critical issue in determining what could be done to prevent another Columbine. Both shooters played violent games and were taking active part in online communities that catered to such games. Henry Jenkins, director of Comparative Media Studies Program at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, cautioned the Senate Commerce Committee from totally shunning the Multimedia and the Internet. In his testimony before the senate, he reminds us that media consumption is active and not passive. They are tools that we can use and mold to our advantage. It must also be remembered that media content is a process that is developed over a period of time. Different consumers react to media in different ways. When all else fails, real life would always trump media. It is read against our perception of the world. It is in this light that the writer argues that meaningful recommendations for law making can be legislated in order to control media to lessen the amount of violence available to our youth. Such legislated can be done without trampling on our bill of rights by asking media content providers to be more creative and our schools to use media in K-12 education. These are just some of the recommendations by Jenkins in order to prevent violence in media use for institutions. More will be discussed with regard to school violence in the succeeding paragraph. School Violence The issue of school violence had come front and center as one of the reasons for the Columbine Massacre. After the event, every circumstance surrounding the life of the two shooters was examined. They were part of â€Å"goth† groups and were not considered generally popular with the students in early reports. Some of the myths would even say that they were loners and only a few students knew them. The truth however, cannot be farther. Even though they were part of â€Å"goth† groups, both shooters had a steady group of friends and were not exactly alienated from the student populace. Recent studies have cautioned on inciting a sense of â€Å"moral panic† in reacting to the problem of School Violence. â€Å"Moral Panic† is a reaction to school shootings where teachers and other students would view fellow students and faculty as â€Å"threats† to public safety. This is not the environment that will lead to the prevention of School Violence. (Jenkins, Part I, 1999) In preventing school violence, the National Association of Independent Schools have come up with the following measures: 1) more support for the youth using digital communities, 2) use media education in K-12 institutions, 3) more respect and knowledge by adults for popular culture of children, 4) more tolerance in the school environment 5) establishing parental discussion groups on appropriate media content, 6) illicit more creative responses from media producers. (Jenkins, Part IV, 1999) Our Culture on Handling Tragedies The deeper implication of this event to our culture is that it is reflective of the way we handle tragedy. It shows the need of our culture to rationalize and put blame. But more so, it shows the resilience of our culture to heal, move on and adapt to the changing times. The event itself as described above shows two things. The first part of our description culled from the CNN report is a depiction of the extent of violence imparted by the two boys. What happened in Columbine was distinctly violent and ruthless. The second part of our description culled from the Jefferson County report is a depiction of our need as culture to rationalize such violence. The process of compiling, examining and connecting all the 4,400 leads to more than 80 investigators from the federal and local government to piece together. It took 10 months to complete and amounted to painstaking work and expense. Yet, it was needed for a sense of closure to most of the families of the victims. It is clear from the 10 different findings of the Jefferson County Report that no stone was left unturned. Myths were formed regarding a third shooter or another boy who has principally induced the shooters. A lot of these myths were debunked by the official Jefferson County report. The need to rationalize by our culture does not end there. We hope to do better the next time around. We hope that tragedy will not be repeated. We rationalize and we move on. The mountain of sources that pile up to rationalize, prevent and defend our schools abound. Our psychiatrists (Block, 2007), law enforcement officers (US Secret Service, 2002), and brother citizens (Cullen, 2004) have all come up with their ways and means to justify and contribute to the growing number of literature meant to keep the discussion alive. Some have even sued gaming manufacturers of violent games and are seeking financial damages they allege that: â€Å"Absent the combination of extremely violent video games and these boys’ incredibly deep involvement, use of and addiction to these games and the boys’ basic personalities, these murders and this massacre would not have occurred. † (Wade, 2001) For the psychiatrists who have reviewed the cases, some have even suggested being careful in removing restrictions to virtual outlets of rage. It is notable that the boys who perpetuated the violence were deprived abruptly of these virtual outlets. (Block, 2007) These are all indicative of the ways we cope up with tragedy. These are ways we rationalize and learn from our mistakes. As a culture, the event has deep implications with how we handle seemingly irrational events by acting human in all respects. We pride our rationale as a civilized nation and try to make it prevail over all odds and tragedies. In the end, whether or not there is a rationale explanation to the shootings, it would be hard to know. Adding insult to injury, the shooters in this tragedy also killed themselves. This is perhaps why the Columbine School shooting has left such a distinct memory in all those touched by it. There is seemingly a distinct lack of closure because no one can be held to blame. Our Responsibility in Preventing Future killings As an individual, the writer is very much affected to reflect on what is happening with his own life. The deeper implication of this event is to cause the writer to pause and reflect his actions and his responsibility. Any other student in our society can easily relate to the deaths of these students. We have all lived a rigid classroom to classroom, day and night existence. Everyday, we do our work, travel to school and sleep towards the next day to come. Those who died in the tragedy never got the chance to finish their lives as students or graduate into adulthood. Reading all these accounts and reflections about the lives of these students has made the writer focus more on living rather than continuing on the never ending effort to rationalize. Human life seemed to be less significant in light of the quick and abrupt way the lives of thirteen people were ended. School shootings as a phenomenon did not end with Columbine. Recent school shooting such as the one by Pekka-Eric Auvinen in Tuusuola High School happened only this year. (Xinhua, 2007) The greatest implication to the writer as an individual is to live a life of responsibility. The mountain of information available to implement ways of preventing another Columbine is there. With the rationalization done by our culture and the efforts we have made to move on, it is but proper that live a life of responsibility by implementing all studies made to prevent more shootings in law through gun control measures and in practice by guiding future generations to be more tolerant of other people. Conclusion The tragedy of the Columbine is only illuminated by the facts that can be culled from the events. However, the deeper problems that lie beneath can only be solved by careful and patient assessment of these facts and what can be done to prevent it from happening again. It is the argument of this writer that school shootings can be prevented. To do this, we must pass stricter laws in gun control, prevent school violence, and reduce the amount of violence in multimedia and the Internet. Our effort to handle this tragedy has led to a valiant effort to rationalize and find solutions to prevent another Columbine. We must use this information and take responsibility by taking adequate measures in law and in practice. The implementation of the suggestions by the National Association of Independent Schools through Henry Jenkins would be a good start in harnessing the power of media to lessen violence in school institutions. References CNN. com. â€Å"In depth Specials: Columbine† (n. d. ) Columbine. Retrieved 15 November 2007, from . Ward, Mark. â€Å"Columbine Families sue Computer Game Makers†. 1 May 2001. BBC News. Retrieved 15 November 2007, from Block, Jerald. â€Å"Lessons from Columbine: Virtual and Real Rage† American Journal of Forensic Psychiatry, Volume 28, Issue 2 (July, 2007) United States Secret Service. â€Å"The Final Report and Findings of the Safe School Initiative: Implications for the Prevention of School Attacks in the United States† May 2002. United States Department of Treasury. Retrieved 15 November 2007, from < http://www. treas. gov/usss/ntac/ssi_final_report. pdf> Xinhua. â€Å"US Teenager chats with Finnish School Shooter about Massacre† 13 November 2007. English-Xinhua. Retrieved 15 November 2007, from < http://news. xinhuanet. com/english/2007-11/13/content_7060867. htm> BBC News. â€Å"Attackers Storm Russian School† (1 September 2004) BBC NEWS EUROPE. Retrieved 15 November 2007, from < http://news. bbc. co. uk/2/hi/europe/3616868. stm> Pioneer Press. â€Å"Wal-Mart halting Gun Sales by Area† (15 April 2006) Free Republic. Retrieved 15 November 2007, from < http://www. freerepublic. com/focus/f-news/1615500/posts> Jenkins, Henry. â€Å"Lessons from Littleton† (1999) National Association of Independent Schools. Retrieved 15 November 2007.

Dollars versus the euro will dollar be the dominant currency in ten years time essay

Dollars versus the euro will dollar be the dominant currency in ten years time essay Dollars versus the euro: will dollar be the dominant currency in ten years time? essay Dollars versus the euro: will dollar be the dominant currency in ten years time? essayThere are several advantages of the U.S. having its own currency as compared to the European countries using the Euro: a) the American economy can better respond to crisis situations and financial shocks because the country has a unified monetary policy, unlike the Eurozone; b) there is a greater flexibility of workforce, investments and greater cultural commonality between the states compared to the European countries; c) the instruments of monetary and fiscal policy in the United States are used quicker and in a more efficient way than the assistance provided by the Eurozone to failing economies, and d) the United States is more financially, politically and economically integral than the Eurozone.Given the current strength of the U.S. dollar, the U.S. government is likely to continue lending large amounts of money at low interest rates for at least a year; after that time, interest rates will grad ually increase and the volumes of borrowing will start declining. The current position of the Fed to keep the interest rates low allows to expect at least 6 months of active borrowing. However, the notable improvement of economic growth expected in 2015 and soaring budget deficits in the United States urge the Fed to start increasing interest rates eventually (Wiseman Crutsinger, 2014), so it is likely that in 2016 interest rates will slowly go up.Current dominant position of the dollar at the international market compared to the euros position is conditioned by several factors. First of all, the currency is one of the instruments of monetary policy, which, along with fiscal policy, is used for responding to business cycle changes in Keynesian model (Jaffe, 2011). The United States currently uses expansionary monetary policy in order to stimulate the economy, to attract investors and to encourage spending (Jaffe, 2011). At the same time, the Eurozone is not so consolidated in fisca l sense as the United States (Groux, Rady Maniam, 2011). While all countries in the Eurozone have the same currency, their monetary and fiscal policies are different, and the framework for making monetary decisions is still emerging in the Eurozone (Rose Dickens, 2012). Therefore, while the United States can quickly respond to crises using a sound combination of monetary and fiscal measures, the ability of European countries to use monetary measures is limited since they cannot control the currency as the United States does (Rose Dickens, 2012).Secondly, the leading position of the dollar in the role of the worlds currency is explained by greater attractiveness and openness of the U.S. economy compared to the Eurozone. The GDP of the United States grows significantly faster than GDP of the Eurozone 3.9% and 0.2% of GDP growth accordingly in the first quarter of 2014 (Trading Economics, 2014). The economy of the United States is decently recovering from the consequences of the 20 08 financial crisis, while the recovery in the Eurozone is quite slow. These processes are explained by notable economic, political and financial diversity witnessed in the Eurozone. Different countries have varying economic priorities, different (and often conflicting) political interests, diverse approaches to governmental regulation of the economy.Furthermore, economic health of the Eurozone members is also quite varied; for example, the economies of Germany, France and Finland demonstrate strength for a long-term period, while the economies of Greece, Portugal, Slovenia are weak and require additional support (Groux, Rady Maniam, 2011). Contrastingly, the United States is more unified, both in terms of political regulation and in terms of financial soundness. American states share a common culture, common economic system, similar monetary and fiscal measures, and there are no such gaps between the financial viability of the U.S. states as there are between the countries of the Eurozone.Thirdly, the research of Groux, Rady and Maniam (2011) shows that dollar as currency is advantageous because of high workforce mobility and reduced possibility of asymmetric financial shocks in the United States. For example, if some events damage the financial viability of one state, the workforce from this state will move to financially stronger states and the balance of labor supply and demand will be preserved. Furthermore, the interests of Eurozone countries are different and in case of an asymmetric shock the government of the affected country will likely act to support own country instead of benefiting the Eurozone as a whole. In the United States, such situation would be resolved at the federal level to achieve optimal outcomes for the whole country (Groux, Rady Maniam, 2011).Finally, the mechanisms of addressing financial shocks and crises in the United States are more efficient and more balanced compared to the Eurozone frameworks. The decisions related to provid ing financial assistance or easing monetary policy are done at the ECB level and require a lot of time and effort for implementation. These procedures in the United States are easier because of low political and economic dispersion in the country. For example, there are federal programs of unemployment assistance, Medicaid and assistance to local businesses in difficult economic situations (Rose Dickens, 2012). In the Eurozone, the countries can also receive external assistance but the major load is on the internal budgets. In addition, economic issues and incorrect policies in the neighboring countries might aggravate economic shocks and slow down the rate of financial recovery (Rose Dickens, 2012).Regarding the interest rates, the tendencies indicate that the Fed will eventually start increasing interest rates, but currently it is reluctant to do that quickly. On one hand, the economy of the United States is experiencing debt drain due to increased borrowing and spending (Jaffe, 2011). The reliance on expansionary policy was reasonable as it allowed the United States to stimulate the processes of economic recovery and financial revival; at the same time, long-term interest rates in the country are kept at the record low level of 0.25% for 6 years already, and it is essential to raise interest rates in the future in order to avoid debt drain and to reduce budget deficits (Jaffe, 2011). This increase of interest rates is also important since the rates currently are at the record low level and if there emerges a need to use monetary easing, this instrument   be used for reviving the economy during recession and/or shocks. Therefore, when the economic growth becomes stronger, it would be necessary to increase interest rates.The Fed’s decision in September 2014 was to keep interest rates at the low level for some more time; however, the Fed also announced a $10 billion cut of mortgage and Treasury bond purchases, anticipating that the economy will grow stronger in 2015 (Wiseman Crutsinger, 2014). Such signals as the highest rate of job openings in the United States, anticipated GDP growth of 3.3% in 2015 (Wiseman Crutsinger, 2014), strong dollar and leading position of the United States in the international market indicate that the Fed might start the policy of increasing interest rates and cutting spending in the near future (1-2 years).Furthermore, the Fed announced that its short-term borrowing rate will increase to 1.38% in 2015 from 1.13% in 2014 (Wiseman Crutsinger, 2014). Hence, it is reasonable to assume that current borrowing rates will remain low for 6 months-1 year, and after that time the Fed will gradually reduce spending and raise interest rates to address the issue of potential debt drain and to decrease budget deficit in the United States.

Psychosocial Development Life story

Psychosocial Development Life story Abstract The paper focuses on the life of a boy whose father passes away when he is a baby, and who is now raised by less promising mother. It particularly focuses on the relevance of the theories put forward to explain the influence of various factors on the social and psychological development of a child in the early stages of development.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Psychosocial Development: Life story specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Theories relating to the overall context development, self and identity development, social development as well as moral development are presented in relation to Davy’s case. It further explores the possible strategies that can be adopted to overcome similar challenges. Introduction The approach to be used to study the influence of various related and unrelated factors in the development of an individual is a differential approach. Generally, this empirical approach uses r esearch methods to study the variations on behaviors of individuals among a group of people. The age of 5-12 years is a very significant stage in the development of a person. At this stage, the child learns ‘the fundamental skills that are valued in their culture, whether these are reading, writing and arithmetic or hunting, fishing and weaving’ (Newman Newman 2008, p276). The experiences that a child acquires at this tender age will generally affect the overall development of the child into a whole being. Life story: A case study Davy was born on September 20, 1988, his mother nearly dying after having an operation. This operation was suggested by the doctor who, on earlier examination of the mother, advised that the foetus had been wrongly positioned and normal birth would be dangerous. The same year, an attempt to overthrow the government was witnessed throwing the whole country into a condition of jeopardy that had to last for months. It was followed by the declara tion of a state of emergency, which later give rise intertribal clashes. The condition took longer than bearable as people could go hungry for days following a restriction on the movements of the civilian. The whole nation was under the military control. Davy’s father who was a casual laborer in some sugar cane industry found it hard to support the family now that the majority of the locals of that area were from a different tribe and these were the conflicting tribes. Just towards the end of the state of emergency, the father of three sons and a daughter sneaked out in the evening to go and buy flour from a shopkeeper who was from the rival tribe but had been a long time friend. The businessperson had been secretly carrying on with his activities despite the harsh prevailing atmosphere and had occasionally escaped gunshots. However, this day they were both unfortunate.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Four consecutive gunshots confirmed to the family that their breadwinner was in danger. Three people were killed in the incidence including the father and the shopkeeper. The state of emergency was later called of and the field supervisor offered to have Davy’s mother replace his father. The task was challenging for the weak mother whose first borne daughter was barely eight years old. Supporting the family became a nightmare and in several instances, the mother would be heard quarrelling her children over very petty issues. Occasionally, she cautioned her daughter that she would soon be married off to somebody so as to help her (the mother) support the family. At this time, Davy was two years old and able to understand when her mother’s emotions started rising. During such instances, he would follow his brothers to go and play with other children in the play field. However, he was not as active as others were since he had not receive d the recommended breast-feeding before being introduced to other hard stuff. This would later affect his education. One evening, when Davy’s sister, Teresia, was ten years old and in Standard IV, her mother came home hurriedly and told her to put on her best dress, as they were to visit some important person. There was always no room for argument and the little children found themselves in the house without any arrangements. At around ten o’clock, their mother came back not with Teresia, but with a stranger whom she told her sons would be their new father. They had never seen their mother drink, but there she was vomiting an irritating medium indicating a mixture of different brands of beer. They portrayed a substantial amount of immorality before the children before retiring to bed. Their conversation revealed to the children that their sister had been forced to marry some casual laborer related to this man. Davy was enrolled in Standard I at the age of eight having taken much time in the preparatory school. He was older than any other pupil in the class was and this would be the topic of discussion whenever they were out for physical education. Nobody dared associate with him despite his attempts to be close to them. Whenever an exercise required two or more pupils, a pupil would only be forced to join Davy by the instructor. He then lost interest in all the co-curricular activities and tried to compensate for that in academics, which was private. This, he managed successfully and was later able to be on top of the class. He did the final exam and excelled as expected. In addition, his older brothers, who had surrendered to the cruelty of life and were now, working in the sugar cane farm, discouraged him from proceeding with education, stressing on the probable financial difficulties.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Psychosocial Development: Life story specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More They had never received bride price from their brother-in-law who was even needier than they were. The brothers aged seventeen, nineteen were now married with children, and they had successfully graduated into the class of drug addicts. Their parents were no longer carrying on well. Occasionally they broke into a fight that would last for hours. The whole family was in the edge of collapse and was the center of gossip in the community. Davy’s former teacher offered to secure him a place in a nearby high school. His mother was completely against it but the teacher managed to convince her that he would lend a hand in paying the fee. Life in a boys’ day school was quite welcoming now that most students were mature. Associating with boys alone was not very challenging. However, hunger knows no bound. When Davy was in his final year of study, his teacher died in a tragic road accident; Davy was greatly shocked and could not concentrate on his revision and yet exams were near. Some of his classmates together with his brothers mocked of being a servant of soft drinks. They argued that physical sciences were not compatible with a sober mind and that joining them would help him overcome the agony as well. He was finally lured into the new denomination. Davy found it hard to quit the habit, which did not solve his problem as hypothesized. Instead, his performance remarkably deteriorated and on some occasions, he appeared in exam room quite drunk. The final results were no better having failed completely in some subjects. His education could not proceed and there was no job he had the potential of performing. His social life was not spared either. At this age, he had not been seen going out with any person. He had the desire, but failed in the ability to convince or even approach any woman. There have been occasional reports of rape and abduction in their area. These have been closely associated to Davy and his allies. The entire community now sees him as a threat to the society. He has no well-known source of income and this causes speculations that he is responsible for other crimes in the area. Significant challenges and issues During his early life, Davy encountered a variety of challenges that would later affect his life in general. The death of his father led to his mother’s future hostility and therefore Davy did not receive the necessary parental love and care. He was also faced with the problem of malnutrition. Davy was not properly breast fed since the mother was their new breadwinner and was mostly in the fields. This led to his being weak and emaciated. Financial instability was a problem in this family. Davy could not attend school adequately and had to rely, later, on his teacher for support. This gave birth to other problems including that emerging from the teacher’s death. All these problems combined to give rise to yet another problem, which was inability to associate. This would later influence his moral values as well.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Psychosocial development theories Psychosocial development refers to the advancement of a person’s mind, reasoning ability, emotions, and maturity usually determined by the environmental and biological factors The whole concern of psychosocial development in a juvenile is about answering the ‘who-am-I?’ question. The society will already be exerting pressure on the child to be able to give explicitly his abilities, and the gain to the society from him. Basically, psychosocial development refers to the development of an emerging self-capability of an individual to meet the diverse society expectations. Bronfenbrenner’s theory Bronfenbrenner’s approach to the study of psychosocial developments emphasizes on the relationships between the various dimensions and asserts that a study on an isolated development may not be very appropriate. It gives a transactional approach to both the developmental and educational psychology. It reflects the effects of the immediate surrounding of an individual on his psychosocial development relating to three aspects of man namely: mind, body, and spirit. The first level that influences development includes the family, schools, and religious institutions around, peer pressure as well as culture of a particular group of people (Huitt 2009). Theses can negatively affect the development. Other higher-level factors also exist. In Davy’s case, we observed that the overall development could not be broken into separate entities. Instead, they are all related so that the biological factors affect the bodily growth and development. This in turn interact with the environment and affects Davy’s social life. The interrelation continues to school where we observe the resultant. Environmental and educational psychology are then seen to be in unity. Peer influence is greatly portrayed in luring Davy into drugs. Erikson’s approach Every stage is essential in the psychosocial development of an i ndividual. An interesting fact is that the development time is critical in a person’s life and often can transition into the next stage even before a stage is complete. According to Lerner (2002), the development stage of an individual is ‘governed by the predetermined-epigenetic, maturational timetable and as such a person must develop what is supposed to be developed in each stage of development otherwise there will never be another chance (p419). Erikson’s theory on psychosocial development asserts that there is no second chance in development. If a stage has not been fully completed then it will remain and the aftermath of it all is a resultant alteration in the successive dependent developments. The theory suggests that the whole development process takes place in eight different but inter-related stages. In Davy’s case, we first observe that he did not breastfeed enough. Biologically, he did not receive the required nutritional needs at right time. T hus, the theory asserts that he has no second chance of lactation and what he missed will remain. He will then be forced to proceed to the next stage prematurely. Secondly, Davy did not receive adequate parental love and care. A constant quarrel from his and the inhuman treatment given to his sister and brother had an impact on his psychological development. The parental guidance was not provided at the right time and as such, it would not be possible. His physical weakness could not enable him associate with the other children. This could not be corrected later in his life as was reflected in his inability to associate with schoolmates. Attending school at an older age also deprived him of association capabilities. Kohlberg’s theory and moral development This theory asserts that at the time of birth, ethical and moral behavior of a person is still unpredictable. The future moral standards greatly depend on the immediate environment of the child, which is the family. This was a similar approach by Piaget (1932) who observed that ‘most of the rules that a child learns to respect he receives from the adults’. It hypothesizes that the moral behavior of a child is more predictable, responsible, and consistent with the people at a higher level. The levels of development are three with two stages each. Those in the age of 5-12 years are in the first pre-conventional stage. Here they derive their morals values from what they are punished or warned against regardless of how it reflects on others. According to them, what is moral is what the surrounding adults say. In this case study, Davy is currently seen to have engaged in various immoral activities including rape. This can greatly be attributed to an encounter he had earlier when her mother and new father returned home drunk and were not able to control their behavior and deeds. This could have also added flavor to his current drinking habit. His early misfortune also reflected negatively on his ability to reason. Cognitive development was thus affected as was evidenced in his being influenced into drinking. Cognitive development reflects on one’s understanding of moral standards. As Oakley (2004) observed, â€Å"the development of moral understanding includes not only how children think about such issues but also how they behave in such situations and how they feel about them† (p9). Some possible strategies It can then be deduced that development in general depends on the biological, psychological, and social factors. Solutions to the problems are thus connected to these factors. Overcoming the above problems of psychosocial developments involves integration of various activities. The institutions of learning as well as religious ones should have programs of providing guidance for those that were not privileged to receive good parental care. Medical centers to help solve malnutrition problems should be established. The needy but intelligent children should b e provided with support towards education by the governing authority to avoid such psychological tortures. References Huitt, W. (2009). A Systems approach to the study of human behavior: Educational Psychology Interactive. Valdosta, GA: Valdosta State University. Web. Lerner, R.M. (2002). Concepts and Theories of Human Development. Third Edition. NY: Routledge. Newman, B.M. and Newman, P.R. (2008). Development through Life: A Psychological Approach. Tenth Edition. OH: Cengage Learning. Oakley, L. (2004). Cognitive development: Routledge modular psychology. NY: Routledge. Piaget, J. (1930). The Moral Judgment of the Child. The Free Press. Retrieved from https://archive.org/index.php

The Politics of Womens Health

The Politics of Womens Health Introduction Background Women experience more health complications than men. This could be as a result of the multi-diversity of their body functions or the kind of gender treatment that they are exposed to. Women’s bodies are more sensitive and fragile than men’s and therefore, require more care.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Politics of Women’s Health specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A study on alcoholism for instance, has shown that alcohol presents more complications to female users than to their male counterparts. Women get drunk quicker, get addicted faster and suffer abuse-related consequences sooner than men. Apart from the normal health complications shared between men and women, women suffer increased risk of reproductive problems and a more severe damage to the liver than in men and eventually, earlier deaths from these complications than in men. In addition to these, wo men are prone to increased risk of breast cancer, menstrual disorders, fertility problems and miscarriage in case of pregnancy. Women also suffer most from matters of passion like failed relationships or death of friends or family members. They will develop stress-related complications like ulcers or heart problems easier compared to the men. Of significant importance to this study is the role of society in women’s health. Women are still perceived to be the weaker sex in both the developing and the developed societies. Only the extents and rates differ. Because of this, they get subjected to ill treatment. Some of it is so severe that it affects their health. In most societies for instance, women suffer domestic violence, girls are married off at tender ages and denied equal rights to education. This could be so traumatizing to the child that she develops mental problems or complications during sexual intercourse or delivery because her reproductive organs and system are not fully developed. Purpose of the Research This research aims at finding out the extent to which attention to women’s health is compromised by society and policy decisions. Society here includes men and women, their socialization towards women’s place in society and the role they play in the deprivation of their rights regarding health care. Policy makers include the ruling elite and the subsequent bodies mandated with the role of policy formulations.Advertising Looking for research paper on gender studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Research questions In order to achieve this purpose, the following question will be used to guide the study: how has women’s healthcare been politicized and therefore compromised by society and policy makers and how has gender inequality contributed to this? Methodology The information in this paper has been gathered from secondary sources. These include books an d articles by other writers based on prior research. Only information about the women and their health care and influence by society and gender inequality has been used. The problem of healthcare among women. Women face a big problem in reception of health care. Coupled with this is the fact that they are at more health risk exposure than the men and by the men. Unfortunately, this has been institutionalized by society and policy makers as acceptable. We shall examine this predicament in details. Differences in vulnerability between men and women Previous studies by various groups have shown that women and men differ in their rates of exposure and vulnerability to similar health conditions. A study by the Global Burden of Disease showed that out of 126 health conditions, 68 of them had a 20% discrepancy between men and women. These diseases include HIV, cancers, eye sight diseases, migraine, mental health, muscle and bone strength, nutrition and burns. Some of these conditions are d etermined by biological differences, while a number of others are determined by how society has socialized women and men into gender roles. These gender roles are supported by norms that discriminate on masculinity or femininity. Then power relations take over, according privileges to men, thus affecting the health of women and men altogether. Women are known to be more sensitive to chemicals when exposed than the men. This is because there are differences between the two in absorption, metabolism and excretion of fat soluble chemicals. In the case of antiretroviral, women suffer more side effects like skin rash and liver toxicity. According to Astbury (2002), women are more likely to suffer depression than men. This however, is perceived as a biological consequence and therefore is not given much attention.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Politics of Women’s Health specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Social factors like violence, partner support, overwork and the social experience of motherhood and nurture of children have been discovered to contribute a lot more to depression. These are not biological determinants and therefore, should not be shoved away but rather be given the medical attention they deserve. Society and gender Social stratifies in many communities define people based on who they are on dimensions that they have no control over cannot change. The harm with this kind of stratification is that a group of people in the same classification are slumped together and treated in a given way. This is not because they deserve such treatment, but because they belong to that group which unfortunately, they cannot get out of. This is the situation that women in most societies find themselves in. Typical in almost all societies is that women do not own land. If they do, it is less than for their male counterparts. This translates to wealth and property. They are more burd ened with tasks of care giving, reproduction and ensuring security survival of their families. In return, they are less fed, less educated, more restricted and less paid at work. They have less access to political power and their political participation is limited either directly by the male figures in their lives or indirectly by the amount of responsibilities at their disposal. This way, women are left with few options when confronted with health problems. The kind of medical attention they can receive is usually dictated upon them. At a closer look, one will find that even the biologically determined diseases are supported by gender social determinants. A condition such as blindness, as much as any woman could contact an eye disease, social factors like women’s lesser access to eye care services and caring for children infected with trachoma increases their rates of infection. In the case of HIV, according to Gruskin and Tarantola (24-29), vulnerability results from social , cultural, economic, political and other factors that can increase the degree of infection, less access to health care and support of infected ones. All these put the woman on the receiving end. This is according to Ogden et al (333-342).Advertising Looking for research paper on gender studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Women in the society are seen as objects rather than subjects. They have been socialized to accept this status and many of them shy away from seeking health care. Women’s health conditions are perceived to be normal by the families or the women themselves and therefore do not seek medical attention, according to Lyer (17). Women could be aware of the health concern but choose to keep silent about it for fear of reactions from family and society. For example, women with TB in Vietnam, according to Long et al (p69-81), do not disclose their status for fear of not getting married if people knew of their conditions. When women and their families acknowledge about their health problems, financial berries come in. preferential attention is given to the male counterparts at their expense, even for a non health related issue as noted by Lane (151-182) Most societies exert importance to male children than female. Some go as far as murdering girls at birth. This is a health concern. In parts of East and South Asia where this practice is most inherent, there is now a crisis of female shortage. This drastic decline in sex ratios has led to outlawed practices like kidnapping of women, forced marriages, girl-trafficking and intensified dowry payment that have made the girl child a material possession. The social expectation of what boys should and should not do can be directly linked to the behavior leading to the spread of HIV/AIDS and gender based violence. Men are freer and unsanctioned when it comes to matters of sex. They do not expect to be accountable and responsible to their wives. On the other hand, women are exposed to increased health risks during such rituals as genital mutilation, marriage and child birth. Mutilation and marital rape which are more common in most communities are painful experiences meant to â€Å"humble† the woman and make her feel submissive to the men. With women perceived as objects, especially sex, widowhood is another challen ging time for any woman. The women are subjected to various practices meant to demean and subordinate them. This becomes worse considering that most of these women are immediately disinherited and so lack the capacity to seek medical care. Some of the practices they are subjected to are wife inheritance and ritual cleansing. In some cases, the women are granted conditional access to their homes and property upon fulfillment of these conditions. Policy and inequality in healthcare In the case of HIV/AIDS, we see a fail in the policy sector. Most governments are still conservative in addressing matters of sexuality and tend to shy off from addressing them head on. They should enforce programs that advocate for abstinence and faithfulness or use of the condom. According to Kelly (36), in marriages, many men will refuse to use condoms, even when they engage in risky sex behavior. In most societies (apart from the few western societies) there is no law to protect this woman whose husband is exposing her to STIs and other infections. In return, she will suffer violence for objecting to the needs of her husband. In an effort to end maternal deaths, rape, coercive sex, violence against women and forced early marriages for the girl child, sustained policies and programs must be implemented to change people’s attitudes towards relationships, gender equality, mutual respect and respect of human rights. Promoting gender equality To remedy this situation, a number of initiatives have been adopted by various countries to reduce the effects of gender inequality in health care. In Sweden for instance, gender relations are taken into account in the public, private and voluntary sectors. It has a Division of Gender Equality within the central administration to look into matters of gender equity in service delivery and resource allocation. Gender discrimination is one of the agents of poverty, a major obstacle to sustainable global development. Sweden in return has expres sed an improved system of equality and equity of both genders. This shows that gender mainstreaming has to be institutionalized and effectively implemented. In fact, Sweden’s public health policy is to raise the level of and reduce and reduce inequalities of people’s capability and freedom to choose their lives and pursue their goals. A number of approaches have been put forward. If well implemented, they could help promote the much anticipated equality among the two genders. The essential structural dimensions of gender inequality need to be addressed. This is by transforming the framework of women human rights through effective implementation of laws and policies. Attention should also be given to the access, affordability and availability of health care to women. These services should not be subject to changes during economic reforms. They should be treated as basic and necessary. Women are the backbone in care giving within the family. Because of these, many are ex posed to health dangers from those they care for. Programs should be initiated to involve the men too in the care giving responsibilities. Women need to be engaged in the decision making processes from grassroots to international level so that they can be in a position to voice women’s challenges and sees redress. Gender stereotypes need to be challenged. Boys and men should be included in equality debates so that they can support the cause of gender equality (Greene et al p54). Multilevel strategies can be adopted to change the norms and practices that harm women’s health directly or indirectly. Differential health issues between men and women should be treated differentially. Some biological factors interact with social factors to aggravate these health risks, so there should be policy to address these differences. The social biases that work to increase these risks should be eliminated. Because these social factors occur in social setting, people and communities sho uld be empowered to take these initiatives. These can only be achieved by comprehensive programs to enlighten the people on the importance of such initiatives. Gender Biases in Research The issue of women health crane has not been adequately addressed before and even now. This is because there has been a slow recognition of health issues that affect women in particular. It is only recently that factors like gender violence, menstruation and other characteristics unique to women began being factored in as determinants of women health. There has also been a lack of recognition of the interplay between gender and social factors and the effect they have on women health. Conclusion This research is important in showing the effects of gender inequality on women health. Women ailments have been ignored as normal, resulting from normal pathogens and biological functions. Much insight has not been given therefore, in studying the unique characteristics attributed to these health conditions. This research has shown that women health problems are an inter link between the normal pathogens and consequences of gender inequality manifested through social gender biases and biased policy making institutions. In order to change this system, there needs to be an over haul in the mind set of both the men and women, and societal norms and practices. A gender balanced society needs to be instituted, whereby every one respects and appreciates the other. Besides, the role of women in society has to be appreciated and not looked down upon. Women are the care givers, they are the ones who carry and bring life. For these reasons, they deserve an even better health care as they are at more risks with these core functions that they perform. Astbury, Jill. Mental health: Gender Bias, Social Position, and Depression IN SEN G, G. A., Ãâ€"STLIN P (Ed.), Engendering International Health. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2002. Print. Greene, Mehta., Mehta, Monica., Pulerwitz, Julie., Wulf, D., Bankole, Akinrinola. Singh, Simon. Involving Men in Reproductive Health, Contributions to Development Sexual and Reproductive Health and the Millennium Development Goals. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2006. Print. Gruskin, Sofia, Tarantola, Daniel. HIV/AIDS And Human Rights Revisited. Can  HIV AIDS Policy Law Rev, 6, 24-9, 2001 Print. Kelly, Leroy. Polygyny and HIV/AIDS: A Health and Human Rights Approach. Journal for Juridical Science 31, 1-38, 2006. Print. Lane, Mark. The Hierarchy of Resort Examined: Status and Class Differentials as Determinants of Therapy For Eye Disease in the Egyptian Delta. Urban Anthropology 16, 151-182, 1987. Print Long, Christopher., Johansson, Erik., Diwan, Kuldeep, Winkvist, Anna. Fear And Social Isolation as Consequences of Tuberculosis in Vietnam: A Gender Analysis. Health Policy, 58, 69-81, 2001. Print Lyer, Aditi. Gender, Caste and Class in Health: Compounding and Competing Inequalities in Rural Karnataka, India, Division of Public Health. Liverpool: Universit y of Liverpool, 2007. Print Ogden, Jane., Esim, Rail, Grown, Cube. Expanding the Care Continuum for HIV/AIDS: Bringing Careers Into Focus. Health Policy Plan, 21, 333-42, 2006. Print

Ground investigation in shallow offshore sites Article

Ground investigation in shallow offshore sites - Article Example t in situ where the installations are to be located, comprehensive data acquisition is required in the entire area affected and far down beneath the sea floor. Such processes that encompass offshore site investigations are varied in nature. They range from analyzing marine geological information, scrutiny of available geophysical data which is used to plan the actual investigations. Such processes that lead to the success of the above mentioned range consist of drilling, sampling as well as in situ testing which in essence includes penetrating into the seabed with the help of high technology drilling vessels. These processes encompass what is generally referred to as Geotechnical investigation. From The period 1985 to 1982 Lunne and Powell (1992) gave a review of developments in offshore investigations. They explored the various technological inventions that marked this period and discus the contributions of such developments to offshore studies with new in situ tests being tried out in the offshore environments, including several examples of field model testing. Lunne and Powell observed the general trend over the last 6-8 years which was the gradual increase in deep water developments. Due to the difficulty of taking undisturbed samples in deep water there has been a tendency to rely more on situ testing. Special geotechnical problems associated with geo-hazard evaluations have also inspired developments within the field of in situ testing. In addition the general competitiveness of the market has been a driver cost efficient solutions. Borings, the most efficient and probably accurate technique of shallow offshore studies come in two main varieties, large-diameter and small-diameter boring. Large-diameter borings Peres involve offshore drilling with large enormous machines that bore extensive areas. They are rarely used due to safety concerns and expense, but are sometimes used to allow a geologist or engineer to visually and manually examine the soil and

Restorative Justice Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Restorative Justice - Article Example With increasing incidence of crime in general and in particular among young people1, the past two decades have brought forth harsher legislation2 to deal with the problems of terrorism and deteriorating law and order, which seriously question former Prime Minister John Major’s contention that â€Å"we have no need of a Bill of Rights because we have freedom.†3 Anti-Social Behavior orders have been introduced by the crime and Disorder Act of 1998, specifically to deal with law and order problems among the youth and have a minimum period of two years, although they may also be imposed indefinitely to ensure that a repetition of antisocial behavior does not occur4. Anti Social Behavior Order was created in 1998 and in the short space of six months in 2004, produced a thousand arrests.5 This Order has allowed extended powers for the police department to tackle a wide range of anti-social behavior by unruly teenagers, including the kind of problems this community is faced with – vandalism and shoplifting. But the fact that must be faced is that the criminal justice system does not work, too many people are able to slip out of the net of the system because of the rigid requirements for evidence, delays in processing trials in courts, the difficulty of procuring witnesses to substantiate charges because of the element of fear, so that the end result favors the criminals rather than the law enforcement authorities, so perhaps such draconian measures are justified.6 However, Lord Macintosh of Haringey had spoken out on the provisions concerning public order in the Criminal Justice Act of 1994.

A summary about a primary source about american history before 1865 Essay

A summary about a primary source about american history before 1865 - Essay Example Such was a significant stand that had earned him hatred among the white farmers who relied on slave labor. Furthermore, slave trade was a large industry that contributed to the economy of the country at the time. The president restates his desire to end slavery owing to the inhumane aspects it exhibited. He explains that he seeks to end slavery by influencing a change in the country’s constitution. This way, he shows that he respects the constitution. He would only introduce a change in the constitution by influencing the mindset of other elected representatives. In the letter, he expresses his desire in saving the union. The civil war threatened to destabilize the United States. He therefore explains his desire and efforts aimed at ending the civil war thus saving the union. In doing this, he explains will comply with the letters of the constitution and ending slavery thus creating a cohesive state that upholds the values of

Sex Therapy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Sex Therapy - Essay Example A sex therapist has professional training and the required practice to solve sexual problems. They generally have an educational background in other fields like psychology, medicine or social work. Many people have inhibitions in discussing their sexual problems but sex therapists help them overcome it. During their sessions they ask the patient to read various sex related books, practice better sexual communication skills and do touching exercises which are so designed so as to reduce their problem they have during intercourse. Sex therapy does not give a medical degree but has a separate course with its own rules and regulations (Indiadiets.com, 1999). Many women all over the world are facing childbirth problems which can be solved through sex therapy. The sex therapist helps in determining the exact problems that a couple faces in childbirth. He assesses the whole situation and provides the solution accordingly. There are people who have been sexually abused and are suffering from depression. A sex therapist through proper counseling can help such people overcome the problem. Thus sex therapy also helps in clinical works. In a case, a wife had been refered to a sex therapist by a pshcologist.

Judges Rule on the Basis of Law Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Judges Rule on the Basis of Law - Case Study Example In the legal systems of any given state, judges play a very significant role. However, for the judges to work efficiently the independence of the legal system need to be upheld. This is because judges should make rulings as per the law but not the opinions of the public. Judges are also required to differ from pressures in existence if their ruling is to be regarded as fair. In any given case, pressure from either group of people or individuals should not deter the judges from making their rulings according to the law (Reavley, 2002). However, there is an argument made that the government is a human affair. Contrary to the fact that the judge should rule in accordance to the law, critics made argue that people are well ruled if the judges understand the people’s thinking as well as put into consideration their opinions. They further argue that there is a danger that arises if the law and justice become rigidly bound to recorded laws or statutes. This raises an urge for the jud ges to put into consideration the public’s opinion (Bingham 2011, p.13). Judges should restrict their ruling on the basis of law only without being driven by any public opinion. However, judges should not only rely on only the written statutes and laws and this calls for them to seek public opinion as well as what the public thinks (Reavley, 2002). In Case [2012] EWHC 2381 (Admin), there are tragic cases in consideration. The cases presented the society with ethical and legal questions of a unique and difficult kind. The cases also raised some constitutional questions which called for the attorney general’s intervention. The court was forced to invite the attorney general. The cases involved two claimants who suffered from catastrophic physical disabilities. However, the claimants’ mental processes were unimpaired by the fact that they were fully conscious of the predicament they were going through. Both of them suffered a locked-in syndrome.  Ã‚  

A Correlation between Unequal Power Relations and the Way Language is Assignment

A Correlation between Unequal Power Relations and the Way Language is Used - Assignment Example The second of the three stages is all the more important because it has a lot to do with one’s spontaneity and judgment which ultimately become the major deciding factors in making the communication successful and effective. That is how the world draws the line of distinction between ‘great orators/authors’ and the mediocre and the bad. The choice of words, however, is a function of one’s instincts, emotions, and needs. The desire to dominate, to control, to feel powerful is a universal instinct that defies the boundaries of time and space. It is, therefore, not at all surprising that this basic instinct, or rather a base instinct, successfully manages to creep into all human transactions and manifests itself, more noticeably in the process of verbal communication. But, at the same time, the need to ‘get things done’ is also a matter of uppermost concern, and its importance cannot be understated. It is this factor that has the power to suppress the urge to dominate; it makes one willing to subordinate himself in a transaction. In any given instance, it is either the urge to dominate or the need to subordinate that finally stays, and it is decided by the prevailing equation of power in the given context. It boils down to the conclusion that â€Å"our words are never neutral; they carry the power that reflects the interests of those who speak or write.† (John Fiske, 1994; Fowler, et. al., 1979) An interesting quality of dominant discourse is that it usually represents and reinforces the interests of the elite section of the society. Professor Sue L. T. McGregor, in Critical Discourse Analysis – A Primer, says, â€Å"One of the central attributes of dominant discourse is its power to interpret conditions, issues, and events in favor of the elite.†   

Sex Therapy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Sex Therapy - Essay Example A sex therapist has professional training and the required practice to solve sexual problems. They generally have an educational background in other fields like psychology, medicine or social work. Many people have inhibitions in discussing their sexual problems but sex therapists help them overcome it. During their sessions they ask the patient to read various sex related books, practice better sexual communication skills and do touching exercises which are so designed so as to reduce their problem they have during intercourse. Sex therapy does not give a medical degree but has a separate course with its own rules and regulations (Indiadiets.com, 1999). Many women all over the world are facing childbirth problems which can be solved through sex therapy. The sex therapist helps in determining the exact problems that a couple faces in childbirth. He assesses the whole situation and provides the solution accordingly. There are people who have been sexually abused and are suffering from depression. A sex therapist through proper counseling can help such people overcome the problem. Thus sex therapy also helps in clinical works. In a case, a wife had been refered to a sex therapist by a pshcologist.

A Correlation between Unequal Power Relations and the Way Language is Assignment

A Correlation between Unequal Power Relations and the Way Language is Used - Assignment Example The second of the three stages is all the more important because it has a lot to do with one’s spontaneity and judgment which ultimately become the major deciding factors in making the communication successful and effective. That is how the world draws the line of distinction between ‘great orators/authors’ and the mediocre and the bad. The choice of words, however, is a function of one’s instincts, emotions, and needs. The desire to dominate, to control, to feel powerful is a universal instinct that defies the boundaries of time and space. It is, therefore, not at all surprising that this basic instinct, or rather a base instinct, successfully manages to creep into all human transactions and manifests itself, more noticeably in the process of verbal communication. But, at the same time, the need to ‘get things done’ is also a matter of uppermost concern, and its importance cannot be understated. It is this factor that has the power to suppress the urge to dominate; it makes one willing to subordinate himself in a transaction. In any given instance, it is either the urge to dominate or the need to subordinate that finally stays, and it is decided by the prevailing equation of power in the given context. It boils down to the conclusion that â€Å"our words are never neutral; they carry the power that reflects the interests of those who speak or write.† (John Fiske, 1994; Fowler, et. al., 1979) An interesting quality of dominant discourse is that it usually represents and reinforces the interests of the elite section of the society. Professor Sue L. T. McGregor, in Critical Discourse Analysis – A Primer, says, â€Å"One of the central attributes of dominant discourse is its power to interpret conditions, issues, and events in favor of the elite.†   

Teaching and Culture Essay Example for Free

Teaching and Culture Essay Cumulative cultural texts give a foreground and a context into what to expect for that particular culture. In fact there is a criteria in which any text may be classed as this. Intergenerational, Intertextual, Multidimensional. In short these words mean that the texts within this accumulation relate to each other, they refer to each other within themselves or insinuate links or they apply to the masses and are regarded of any particular text type. In this essay I will be exploring different Cumulative texts within the boundaries of Teaching. By first examining the key arguments of Mitchell and Weber (1999)’s prescribed article and what their views are in which these texts can change teacher Identities. Furthermore comparing and contrasting their study with Dead Poets society (1989) and how typical texts can be linked and provide support for identity within the classroom for both teachers and students. Part A Mitchell and Weber (1999) discuss the importance of the role of cumulative cultural texts in the portrayal of â€Å"The teacher† in society and explore this impact it can have on self-evaluation and analysis of pedagogies of the â€Å"real classroom†. This is done by focusing on a lead text in Dangerous Minds but complimented through comparing and contrasting to intertextual links within the Teaching movie genre. From this examination we can come to the conclusion that from looking at past texts teachers can have some form of model either a how to or a how not on the kind of pedagogies they will engage with and their sense of self as teachers in the classroom. Looking at Dangerous Minds, Good Morning Miss Dove, and To Sir with Love, Mitchell and Weber note the ‘popular texts wouldn’t be popular unless they managed to tap into particular desires of many readers [viewers]’ (Mitchell and Weber, (1999), pp. 167). Texts such as these are a window into the profession of teaching and give society a distorted knowledge on what it is to be a teacher. The dramatization of these texts gives a false sense of expertise to the common man/woman. It leads to an impression that Joe Blow can come up and tell you what it is to be a teacher and how you should go about your classroom. When in fact they are getting a completely skewed view into what the real classroom looks like thus popular culture in the form of the â€Å"hero teacher† having a negative effect on the profession. This leads to the ‘unrealistic and potentially harmful expectations by encouraging teacher fantasy at the expense of reality’ (Mitchell and Weber, (1999), pp. 181). It’s these expectations formed from the cumulative cultural texts which lead to disappointment for both students and teachers. Although these â€Å"hero teachers† stem from real people on the film reel their characters are over romanticised leaving new teachers at a turmoil between the pulling of the popular hero vs. the curriculum. The recurring theme and what can be argued as a centre focus of Mitchell and Webers exploration of the cumulative culture texts of teaching, is that they provide an opportunity for professional development through critical reflection and evaluation. An area in which we can link the contrasting nature between teaching pedagogies in popular culture for uses or reflection and evaluation, is the excerpt where Weber looks at To Sir with love and Dangerous minds. Both of these teachers have been portrayed as â€Å"Hero Teachers† and both have a similar style of racially diverse and disadvantaged rebellious class. As goes with the hero teacher story both teachers break through the barriers faced by these particular children. Who have been recognised as the outcasts of classroom which have been â€Å"turned around† by these teachers Miss Johnson and Sir. But with Webers close analysis between the two we can pick out distinct differences between teaching styles and can be used for some self-evaluation of how to compare your own teaching methods. For example Sir attempts to raise the students intellect through leading by example, guidance to high culture and teaching them self-control, respect and toughness of the mind (Mitchell and Weber, (1999), pp. 178 where as Miss Johnson is ready to step into their shoes on every level including language, dress and position to illustrate to the students that there will be challenges and obstacles in which they have to make their own decisions about. This style lead her to let her arm them with words and ideas in order to make them tougher (Mitchell and Weber, (1999), pp. 178). This little contrast illustrates show teachers can have the same goals and ambitions for their pupils but varying pedagogies will be best suited to you as the teacher and your students. Once this comfort has been achieved there is no wrong or right way to use the classroom. In short Mitchell and Weber argue that teachers should be using popular cultures view on teachers to apply this to their own self-evaluation and self-criticisms of themselves. As this can help us to re-invent and rejuvenate ones role and ones ambitions for what teaching is and how they want to go about teaching their classes on the daily basis. Part B Dead poet’s society (1989) gently slips into sub categorical role of the Hero Teacher in the cumulative cultural texts of teaching. It centres on the teacher John Keating (Robin Williams) taking the creative art of poetry and literature to the highest level of priority within his class room. While simultaneously throwing curriculum and structure out the window. Keating encourages students to go outside the box of Welton colleges standards and become free thinkers. Being a former student of Welton Keating encourages the boys to re-unite an old â€Å"dead poets society† in which the boys would come together and discuss the works of other free thinkers and fight back against the strict views of Welton and their families’ expectations. There are many different forms for representations of teachers within ‘Reels† but the most common and uplifting story which is what seels the movie seats and tickets are the stories of hero teachers. The story of Keating and his throw the curriculum out the window is not dissimilar to the texts in which discovered by Mitchell and Weber in the reading. As discussed before Keating only ads a further end to the spectrum of teaching styles covered in modern day representations of teacher life. The only big issue to be considered when looking back up on theses texts for the purpose of professional development is that they aren’t realistic for the common classroom. Movies always have the perfect conditions or it’s a stable environment designed to the specifications of whatever the director so chooses. Classrooms do not work this way there are many variables and this expectation of the hero teacher can smash the hopes and dreams of many graduate teachers in their pursuit for popularity. Thus we can see the turmoil the teachers in these movies are all perfect souls and do not have underlying ambitions behind becoming popular to students, some people may have hidden motives in which actual learning is set behind of become a hero teacher and getting the status level that people like Keating, Sir and Miss Johnson could achieve. Each in their own way. On deeper analysis of Dead Poets Society (1989) it can be used as a model of what not to do as a teacher. Such as the situation arising between the ambitions of student Niel to follow acting and the performing arts. But this is against the wishes of his parents and he secretly engages with dramatically activities at the encouragement of Keating. As a result the parents find out and a rift is set between Neil and his parents which leads to his death as he commits suicide from the pressure. Evidently this is a reminder of the importance to note the impact and jurisdiction of parents. As teachers we should not intervene in student lives beyond what is necessary, as seen in the movie this encouragement to break the boundaries think outside the box can go too far. Part 3 Essentially I consider that the representations can quite possibly have a positive effect which was well noted by Mitchell and Webber (1999) but can just as much negatively affect a pre-service teachers understanding of what it is for the teacher to do in the classroom. As discussed in part one by comparing to texts of similar contexts which apply to the three criteria of being a cumulative cultural text. These can be used as a mock model in which we can evaluate to ourselves what it means for us to be teachers. But furthermore it can give us insight into the many different ways of teaching. Such as the wildly differing spectrum offered through texts I have looked at. For example the Control styled approach of Sir (Mitchell and Webber, (1999)) and the more involved hold up the mirror lead style by Miss Johnson encouraging students to spread forth and realise their true potentials. Compared to that of Keating in Dead Poets Society who just through curriculum out the window and went for a creative independence lead teaching style. Thus leading to my next point that although there are positives to these texts there are equal negatives that can bring down the teaching profession or set unreasonable expectations on those wishing to pursue the career and become and educator. As mentioned in part 1 ‘popular texts wouldn’t be popular unless they managed to tap into particular desires of many readers [viewers]’ (Mitchell and Weber, (1999), pp. 167). , This highlights the fact that overall these films are not real classrooms and give society and pre-service teachers either a false satisfaction or a welcoming surprise to be introduced into the world of educators. In conclusion I would have to say that the positive far outweighs the negative associated with the cumulative cultural type literature. Therefore texts uch as these can be classed as useful as well as providing a way for teachers to design themselves or re-evaluate their own teaching. It sets a positive eye for the community around teachers and promotes the profession showcasing stories in which teachers are truly making a difference to the lives or their students. These high amount of publication and popularity increases popularity of teachers and the profession in general. These benefits associated with the knowing you can use these texts to model yourself makes them useful.