Leadership, Its Theories, Models and Styles

How to Say And in Mandarin

How to Say And in Mandarin Some English words have several possible Mandarin Chinese translations. Knowing when to use the correct word is one of the main challenges for both beginner-level Mandarin students and professional translators alike. For example, the English word for can has at least three possible Mandarin translations: èÆ' ½ (nà ©ng), Ã¥  ¯Ã¤ » ¥ (kÄ› yÇ ), and ä ¼Å¡ (huà ¬). Another English word with multiple translations is â€Å"and.† You may think that there can be no possible variations for and, but there are many different meanings for this word. It depends on the subtle nuances of the speaker or writers meaning or the context in which this conjunction is used. Joining Nouns In sentences that combine nouns or noun phrases, there are three ways to say and. All three of these connectors are interchangeable and commonly used. They are: Hà ©Ã¢    : å’Å'Hn⠁   : å’Å'GÄ“n⠁   : è ·Å¸ Note that hà © and hn use the same character. The hn pronunciation is most commonly heard in Taiwan. The example sentences are given first in English, followed by a transliteration in Chinese called  pinyin,  a Romanization system used to help beginners learn Mandarin. Pinyan  transcribes the sounds of Mandarin using the Roman  alphabet. Pinyin is most commonly used in Mainland China for teaching school children to read and it is also widely used in teaching materials designed for Westerners who wish to learn Mandarin.  The sentences are then listed in Chinese characters in traditional and simplified forms where appropriate. He and I are colleagues.WÇ’ hn tÄ  shà ¬ tà ³ngshà ¬.我å’Å'ä »â€"æ˜ ¯Ã¥ Å'ä ºâ€¹ Both pineapple and mango are good to eat.Fà ¨nglà ­ hà © mngguÇ’ dÃ… u hÄ›n hÇŽo chÄ «.(traditional form) é ³ ³Ã¦ ¢ ¨Ã¥â€™Å'芒æžÅ"éÆ' ½Ã¥ ¾Ë†Ã¥ ¥ ½Ã¥ Æ'(simplified form) å‡ ¤Ã¦ ¢ ¨Ã¥â€™Å'芒æžÅ"éÆ' ½Ã¥ ¾Ë†Ã¥ ¥ ½Ã¥ Æ' She and mom went for a walk.TÄ  gÄ“n mÄ ma qà ¹ gung jiÄ“.Ã¥ ¥ ¹Ã¨ ·Å¸Ã¥ ª ½Ã¥ ª ½Ã¥Å½ »Ã©â‚¬â€ºÃ¨ ¡â€"Ã¥ ¥ ¹Ã¨ ·Å¸Ã¥ ¦Ë†Ã¥ ¦Ë†Ã¥Å½ »Ã©â‚¬â€ºÃ¨ ¡â€" This pair of shoes and that pair of shoes are the same price.Zhà ¨ shuÄ ng xià © gÄ“n n shuÄ ng xià © jiqian yà ­yng.這雙鞋è ·Å¸Ã©â€š £Ã©â€ºâ„¢Ã©Å¾â€¹Ã¥Æ' ¹Ã©Å' ¢Ã¤ ¸â‚¬Ã¦ ¨ £Ã¨ ¿â„¢Ã¥ Å'éž‹è ·Å¸Ã©â€š £Ã¥ Å'éž‹ä » ·Ã©â€™ ±Ã¤ ¸â‚¬Ã¦   · Joining Verbs The Mandarin Chinese character ä ¹Å¸ (yÄ›) is used to join verbs or verb phrases. It translates as either â€Å"and† or â€Å"also.† I like to watch movies and listen to music.WÇ’ xÇ huan kn dinyÇ ng yÄ› xÇ huan tÄ «ng yÄ «nyuà ¨.我åâ€"Å"æ ­ ¡Ã§Å"‹é› »Ã¥ ½ ±Ã¤ ¹Å¸Ã¥â€"Å"æ ­ ¡Ã¨  ½Ã©Å¸ ³Ã¦ ¨â€šÃ¦Ë†â€˜Ã¥â€"Å"æ ¬ ¢Ã§Å"‹ç” µÃ¥ ½ ±Ã¤ ¹Å¸Ã¥â€"Å"æ ¬ ¢Ã¥  ¬Ã©Å¸ ³Ã¤ ¹  He doesn’t like to go for walks and he doesn’t like to exercise.TÄ  bà ¹ xÇ huan gung jiÄ“ yÄ› bà ¹ xÇ huan yà ¹ndà ²ng.ä »â€"ä ¸ Ã¥â€"Å"æ ­ ¡Ã©â‚¬â€ºÃ¨ ¡â€"ä ¹Å¸Ã¤ ¸ Ã¥â€"Å"æ ­ ¡Ã© â€¹Ã¥â€¹â€¢Ã¤ »â€"ä ¸ Ã¥â€"Å"æ ¬ ¢Ã©â‚¬â€ºÃ¨ ¡â€"ä ¹Å¸Ã¤ ¸ Ã¥â€"Å"æ ¬ ¢Ã¨ ¿ Ã¥Å  ¨ Other Transition Words There are a few Mandarin Chinese words that can be translated as â€Å"and,† but which more accurately mean â€Å"furthermore, â€Å"moreover,† or other such transition words. These words are sometimes used to show a cause-and-effect relationship between the two phrases. Chinese transition words include: Ér qiÄ› - è€Å'ä ¸â€: additionally  Bà ¬ng qiÄ› - ä ¸ ¦Ã¤ ¸â€ (traditional) / Ã¥ ¹ ¶Ã¤ ¸â€ (simplified): and; moreoverRn hà ²u - ç„ ¶Ã¥ ¾Å' / ç„ ¶Ã¥ Å½: and thenYÇ  hà ²u - ä » ¥Ã¥ ¾Å' / ä » ¥Ã¥ Å½: and afterHi yÇ’u -  Ã©â€šâ€žÃ¦Å"‰ / è ¿ËœÃ¦Å"‰: even more; on top of thatCÇ  wi -  Ã¦ ­ ¤Ã¥ ¤â€": furthermore Ér qiÄ› è€Å'ä ¸â€ additionally Bà ¬ng qiÄ› ä ¸ ¦Ã¤ ¸â€ (traditional)Ã¥ ¹ ¶Ã¤ ¸â€ (simplified) andmoreover Rn hà ²u ç„ ¶Ã¥ ¾Å'ç„ ¶Ã¥ Å½ and then YÇ  hà ²u ä » ¥Ã¥ ¾Å'ä » ¥Ã¥ Å½ and after Hi yÇ’u é‚„æÅ"‰è ¿ËœÃ¦Å"‰ even moreon top of that CÇ  wi æ ­ ¤Ã¥ ¤â€" furthermore Sentence Examples of Transition Words As noted, the particular form of and that you use in Mandarin Chinese depends heavily on the context and meaning of the word. It can be helpful, therefore, to peruse some example sentences to see how the different forms of and are used in various contexts. This is a very good movie and (moreover) the music is very nice.Zhà ¨ bà ¹ dinyÇ ng hÄ›nhÇŽokn à ©rqiÄ› yÄ «nyuà ¨ hÄ›nhÇŽo tÄ «ng.這éÆ' ¨Ã©â€º »Ã¥ ½ ±Ã¥ ¾Ë†Ã¥ ¥ ½Ã§Å"‹è€Å'ä ¸â€Ã©Å¸ ³Ã¦ ¨â€šÃ¥ ¾Ë†Ã¥ ¥ ½Ã¨  ½Ã¨ ¿â„¢Ã©Æ' ¨Ã§â€ µÃ¥ ½ ±Ã¥ ¾Ë†Ã¥ ¥ ½Ã§Å"‹è€Å'ä ¸â€Ã©Å¸ ³Ã¤ ¹ Ã¥ ¾Ë†Ã¥ ¥ ½Ã¥  ¬ This knapsack is very practical and (furthermore) the price is reasonable.Zhà ¨gà ¨ fngshuÇ  bÄ“ibÄ o hÄ›n shà ­yà ²ng bà ¬ngqiÄ› jigà © hà ©lÇ .這個é˜ ²Ã¦ ° ´Ã¨Æ'Å'Ã¥Å'…å ¾Ë†Ã¥ ¯ ¦Ã§â€ ¨Ã¤ ¸ ¦Ã¤ ¸â€Ã¥Æ' ¹Ã¦   ¼Ã¥ Ë†Ã§ â€ Ã¨ ¿â„¢Ã¤ ¸ ªÃ©Ëœ ²Ã¦ ° ´Ã¨Æ'Å'Ã¥Å'…å ¾Ë†Ã¥ ®Å¾Ã§â€ ¨Ã¥ ¹ ¶Ã¤ ¸â€Ã¤ » ·Ã¦   ¼Ã¥ Ë†Ã§ â€  We can first go have dinner and then see a movie.WÇ’men xiÄ n qà ¹ chÄ « wÇŽncÄ n rnhà ²u zi qà ¹ kn dinyÇ ng.我們先åŽ »Ã¥ Æ'晚é ¤ Ã§â€ž ¶Ã¥ ¾Å'å† Ã¥Å½ »Ã§Å"‹é› »Ã¥ ½ ±Ã¦Ë†â€˜Ã¤ » ¬Ã¥â€¦Ë†Ã¥Å½ »Ã¥ Æ'晚é ¤ Ã§â€ž ¶Ã¥ Å½Ã¥â€  Ã¥Å½ »Ã§Å"‹ç” µÃ¥ ½ ± Eat dinner, and then you can eat dessert.ChÄ « wn wÇŽncÄ n yÇ hà ²u jià ¹ nà ©ng chÄ « tin diÇŽn.Ã¥ Æ'Ã¥ ®Å'晚é ¤ Ã¤ » ¥Ã¥ ¾Å'Ã¥ ° ±Ã¨Æ' ½Ã¥ Æ'ç”Å"é »Å¾Ã£â‚¬â€šÃ¥ Æ'Ã¥ ®Å'晚é ¤ Ã¤ » ¥Ã¥ Å½Ã¥ ° ±Ã¨Æ' ½Ã¥ Æ'ç”Å"ç‚ ¹Ã£â‚¬â€š Im cold because I didnt wear enough clothes, and on top of that its snowing now.WÇ’ lÄ›ng yÄ «nwà ¨i wÇ’ chuÄ n bà ¹gà ²u yÄ «fà º, hi yÇ’u xinzi xi xuÄ›le.我å† ·Ã¥â€º  Ã§â€š ºÃ¦Ë†â€˜Ã§ © ¿Ã¤ ¸ Ã¥ ¤  Ã¨ ¡ £Ã¦Å" Ã©â€šâ€žÃ¦Å"‰ç  ¾Ã¥Å" ¨Ã¤ ¸â€¹Ã©â€º ªÃ¤ ºâ€ Ã£â‚¬â€šÃ¦Ë†â€˜Ã¥â€  ·Ã¥â€º  Ã¤ ¸ ºÃ¦Ë†â€˜Ã§ © ¿Ã¤ ¸ Ã¥ ¤Å¸Ã¨ ¡ £Ã¦Å" Ã¨ ¿ËœÃ¦Å"‰çŽ °Ã¥Å" ¨Ã¤ ¸â€¹Ã©â€º ªÃ¤ ºâ€ Ã£â‚¬â€š Lets quickly go see the cherry blossoms. The weather is nice today, furthermore it will rain tomorrow.WÇ’men kui qà ¹ kn yÄ «nghuÄ . TiÄ nqà ¬ hÄ›n hÇŽo, cÇ wi mà ­ngtiÄ n huà ¬ xi yÇ”.我們å ¿ «Ã¥Å½ »Ã§Å"‹æ « »Ã¨Å  ±Ã£â‚¬â€šÃ¥ ¤ ©Ã¦ ° £Ã¥ ¾Ë†Ã¥ ¥ ½Ã¦ ­ ¤Ã¥ ¤â€"明å ¤ ©Ã¦Å"Æ'ä ¸â€¹Ã©â€º ¨Ã£â‚¬â€šÃ¦Ë†â€˜Ã¤ » ¬Ã¥ ¿ «Ã¥Å½ »Ã§Å"‹æ ¨ ±Ã¨Å  ±Ã£â‚¬â€š Ã¥ ¤ ©Ã¦ °â€Ã¥ ¾Ë†Ã¥ ¥ ½Ã¦ ­ ¤Ã¥ ¤â€"明å ¤ ©Ã¤ ¼Å¡Ã¤ ¸â€¹Ã©â€º ¨Ã£â‚¬â€š

Should school uniforms be mandatory Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Should school uniforms be mandatory - Assignment Example Many people believe that the school uniforms must be implemented strictly in schools in order to avoid any negative feelings among children. Supporters of school uniform argue that it is essential in the current world in which school children are utilized for executing antisocial activities like violence, drug trafficking, sexual exploitations etc. On the other hand, critiques believe that the implementation of uniforms in schools is a violation of human right which prevents school children from expressing their identity or personality. They believe that a unified dress code can affect the diversity in school campus and prevent children from thinking creatively. I am an advocate of the strict adherence of school uniforms in school campus and this paper analyses various factors in favor and against the implementation of school uniforms. Unified dress codes in schools can prevent discrimination and develop a sense of equality among students. School children often compare their dresses with that of their colleagues. If he feels that his dresses are poor compared to his colleagues he might develop inferiority complex. In order to avoid such negative feelings uniforms must be implemented in schools. One of the major arguments in favor of school uniforms is related to safety and security of the students. The safety argument is that school uniforms make it more difficult for unwelcome outsiders to infiltrate the school grounds (Those disgusting School Uniforms) School is a place which is attracted by antisocial elements in order to derail the developments of the students and also for executing their secret missions. School uniform would help to identify the intruders in the school compound and the authorities can easily identify who are students and who are intruders and thus the chances of crimes can be considerably reduced. It is easy for to exploit school children for sexual exploitations because of the hormonal developments

Risk of studying abroad Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Risk of studying abroad - Essay Example The world is rapidly changing and tending more towards independence, therefore, understanding the culture, language, perspective, needs, and concerns of people from outside one’s own country helps students to cope better with the rapidly changing and complex world. This priceless experience cannot be achieved by simple tourist excursions to foreign countries. The study abroad experience allows students to be fully immersed into the culture of people within a foreign country. Keywords: Study Abroad, Culture, Foreign Countries, Students, Introduction There are a number of factors that contribute to the surge of study abroad among students in the world over. First and foremost is the increased ease of travel from one point in the world to another (Bryam & Feng, 2006). Travel is a pleasant and common past time among many university students. For many students living in developed countries, and especially those from affluent backgrounds, study abroad is an extension of this love fo r travel, and the desire to experience life in different cultures and different parts of the world. Study abroad is on an upward trend due to political shifts taking place in many parts of the world. In countries such as the U.K., the government encourages local universities to take up students from other nations across the globe (Bryam & Feng, 2006). Along with this, governments within political unions, such as the European Union (EU), encourage students from their countries to pursue studies in other EU member states (Bryam & Feng, 2006). Economic prospects also influence the decision to study abroad. For students from developing countries of Africa and Asia, study abroad bears the promise of a better career and employment prospects, due to the status associated with studying abroad (Bryam & Feng, 2006). It also provides them with an opportunity to attend some of the world’s best institutions, like the Ivy League institutions, as well as receiving a matching quality of educ ation. Increased cultural interaction also encourages study abroad. This is due to the fact that it improves the cross-cultural intelligence of an individual, promotes international relations among different countries, and adds an extra aspect to the learners’ educational encounter (Bryam & Feng, 2006). Risk Associated with Studying Abroad Like with any experience that requires one to move away from their comfort zone, as well as daily life routine and culture, there are risks associated with study abroad. In this paper, the risks associated with it are broadly categorized into psychological, financial, legal, and educational risks. Psychological risks These are risks that related to the social and emotional wellbeing of students that result from the overall experience of being in a new culture and different environment. According to Butzer, being in a new country is akin to being in a new environment. This in turn means that students have to adapt afresh to new cultures, foo ds, customs and acceptable social norms, as well as new illnesses and health risks (2013). These challenges pose the ultimate risk of culture shock associated with being in a new

Embedded Journalism and War Reporting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Embedded Journalism and War Reporting - Essay Example For example, in the situation of war, reporters may cause harm to the fighting forces by disclosing details regarding their location or by becoming a distraction for the fighting forces. The following paper evaluates the question whether reporters should be embedded alongside fighting forces. Ethics of Journalism and War Reporting The question whether something is ethical or not is gaining more and more popularity these days. With the advent of social media, people have access to so much detail regarding the circumstances of the world. The journalists who are active through social media seem to provide all the minor details to their followers notwithstanding the ethical aspect of such information. The line between what is professional journalism and what is not is getting thinner every day with even the most unnecessary reports being presented to the media consumers. Journalists seem to forget the ethical aspects of journalism when they report about someone’s personal issue. T here are numerous websites that provide real time news and most of those are run by credible organizations with genuine news sources. However, there are certain websites that wrongly use the freedom provided by the internet and they violate the ethical standards associated with the profession of journalism. The main role of the journalists is to provide the true facts and to help build new knowledge through imparting new information. However, there have been certain instances where misreporting has been done due to lack of credible news sources. This has often been observed in the case of war reporting. Due to lack of time and rigid deadlines, journalists usually rely on information provided by the authorities with access to the war zone and in such circumstances, whether the information is accurate cannot be completely assessed. There are a lot of ethical considerations related to war reporting as even the most minor misreporting may create dangerous circumstances. The dilemma asso ciated with this situation is that, if journalists are embedded to the fighting forces, they may give out more information that what is necessary and in such circumstances, violation of ethical considerations may result in harmful circumstances for both the journalists and the fighting forces. One of the most important ethical considerations to take into account while reporting the incidents during war is reporting that is free from any sort of bias. It has been observed that the journalists impart information that is clearly biased. The true facts are kept from the media consumers and they are provided a modified picture of the actual scenario. This is one of the most violated ethical considerations related to war reporting. Such reporting of modified facts can also worsen the situation of war because the opposing forces may be enraged by such acts of the journalists and any chances of compromise will be dimmed. In such a scenario, the integrity of the profession of journalism come s into question. Any acts of bias by the journalists may impact the overall profession of journalism. Therefore the question of ethical considerations takes a very serious turn with regard to war reporting. Journalists need to be sure that the information being imparted is precise and accurate and it does not disclose any confidential information. Journalists must also ensure that the sources from which the information is

Under Article 223-6 of the French Penal Code(Chapter

Under Article 223-6 of the French Penal Code(Chapter Under Article 223-6 of the French Penal Code(Chapter III, Section 3)..'anyone who wilfully fails to render to a person in danger any assistance which, without risk to himself or to third parties, he could render him either by his own action, or by initiating rescue operations..' is punishable by imprisonment and fine. Essay Question: What is the criminal law in England and Wales on liability for omissions to act? Having regard to the above extract from the French Penal Code, critically discuss whether the current English Law on this issue should be changed. The criminal law in England and Wales on liability for omissions to act: Unlike the French Penal code, which provides a general duty on all persons to assist others in peril according to their abilities, breach of which is a specific offence in its own right, English criminal law does not impose a general duty to act to save other people or property from harm, even if this could be done without any risk or inconvenience. For example, a man who simply stands and observes a child drowning in a shallow pool when he is in a position to easily rescue it should he choose to do so, commits no offence under English law, because he is not under a duty to rescue it. A duty to act may however arise under a contract, the most obvious example being where the failure to fulfil a contractual obligation is likely to endanger the lives of others. Liability is not necessarily precluded by the injured person not being a party to the contract; in the case of Pittwood[1], the defendant, who was a level-crossing keeper, in breach of his contract of employment, failed to close the gate when a train was approaching, resulting in someone dying on the crossing. Wright J confirmed that criminal liability can be incurred from a person’s failure to perform their contractual duty and held that, in this case, a duty was owed to the road users even though, prima facie, the contractual obligation was owed only to the railway company. A person who holds a public office, such as a police officer, may also be under a duty to care for others. For example, in the case of Dytham[2], a uniformed police officer failed to act when he saw a man being kicked to death a few yards away and was convicted on charges of ‘misconduct in a public office’. Likewise, a parent is under a duty to save his/her young child from harm; a parent who has allowed his/her baby child to starve to death may, depending upon his/her state of mind, be convicted of murder or manslaughter[3]. Other close relationships may also involve a similar duty[4], such as between a husband and wife, although this particular example might be more akin to a contractual duty arising from the contract of marriage than to the duty in the above example. The voluntary carer of a person unable to look after him/herself is also bound by a duty of care towards that person under English criminal law. In Nicholls[5], the defendant received a young child into her care, on the death of that child’s mother. Brett J directed the jury that if a person chooses to take on the care of someone who is helpless, either from infancy, infirmity or mental illness, he is bound to execute that responsibility and, if he allows him/her to die, he may be guilty of manslaughter. In Stone[6], this principle was extended to include situations where a person does not overtly accept the responsibility of carer, but where the situation has lead to such; for example, in a situation where two people have lived together for some time, and the health of one of those people deteriorates to a state where they become dependent upon the other for care, then the court may be prepared to imply a voluntary undertaking of care from the very fact that the healthy party did in fact oblige[7]. Such a duty will of course be extinguished if the relationship between these two parties should end, or if the ill party orally releases the other from his/her responsibilities [providing of course that the party is in a state capable of making a rational decision]. An example of this latter situation might be a patient releasing her doctor from his duty of care towards her by instructing him that should she become ill, she does not wish to be treated. Such an advance refusal will only be effective if the patient is fully compos mentis, has not been unduly influenced in respect of her decision and has contemplated the actual situation which will arise, understanding all the consequences of refusing treatment in such a situation[8]. A duty of care can also arise from an accident; where the accused inadvertently and without the appropriate mens rea performs an act which places a person or property in danger, but before the resulting harm is complete, becomes aware of the train of events caused by his inadvertent act, then that party is, by virtue of the English criminal law, under a duty to take such steps as lie within his power to try to prevent or reduce the risk of harm; if he does not, then he may be criminally liable for the consequences. The case authority for this special duty situation is the case of Miller[9], in which the defendant had, quite by accident, fallen asleep in the plaintiff’s house with a lit cigarette in his fingertips. He awoke to find that he had set the mattress of the bed, in which he was sleeping, alight, but rather than raising alarm or trying to extinguish the fire, he simply went into the adjacent room and fell asleep in there. The House of Lords affirmed his conviction for arson, contrary to s1(1) and (3) of the Criminal Damage Act 1971, as he was in breach of his duty to take reasonable care to extinguish the fire which he had accidentally caused, being in a position to do so. As yet there is no clear authority on how much of a risk a person under such a duty to act might be expected to run in order to perform that duty, but the common law duty requires ‘reasonable’ steps to be taken, a criterion which will be assessed in light of all the circumstances of the particular case in question. So far we have focussed our discussion around the duties of ordinary citizen’s in daily life as developed by the English common law. It should be noted that there are also in place many statutory schemes of regulation in regard to industry and commerce, such as the offence of failing to comply with a limitation, condition or notice contrary to the Radioactive Substances Act 1993. There are also statutory schemes for the distribution of public money, such as the failure to notify a change of circumstances under the Social Security Administration (Fraud) Act 1997, and schemes for other licensed regulated activity such as failing to report a road accident. These statutory schemes are simple rules which must be followed as a condition of engaging in these activities, and are relatively non-contentious in their lack of general application to the ‘ordinary citizen’. Critical discussion regarding the issue of whether the current English Law, as described above, should be changed so as to be more like the law contained in Article 223-6 of the French Penal Code(Chapter III, Section 3): As we have seen from the above description, English criminal law does not generally criminalize the failure to render assistance to another citizen who is in peril, even where such assistance would be easy and cause no harm to ourselves. In contrast, the law under Article 223-6 of the French Penal Code (Chapter III, Section3), as quoted within the question of this essay, does create a general duty to rescue, and does criminalise such omissions. The position of the English criminal law in not generally criminalising such omissions might be defended on grounds that the vagueness of the terms involved with criminalizing such omissions [such as ‘reasonable steps’] would leave citizens with no clear warning of what they must do and when [the principle of ‘fair warning’]. It may also be defended on grounds that this resulting uncertainty would have a weakening effect on the rule of law and would also lead to too great a reliance on prosecutorial discretion in defining the effective scope of such omission criminalisation. The English position might be best defended however by adherence to the principle of autonomy; â€Å"the imposition of a duty to act restricts one’s liberty to pursue one’s own ends and desires by requiring one to do a particular thing at a particular time.† The position of the French Penal Code in generally criminalising such omissions might be defended on grounds that more important than the principles of fair warning, rule of law and individual autonomy is the protection of human life and human safety. A. Ashworth and E. Steiner[10] argue that Article 223(2) is a deliberate attempt to set the protection of one citizen’s life or safety above the protection of the maximum liberty of other citizens. The position might also be defended by the fact that since its introduction in 1941, this French Penal Code, responsible for generally criminalising a failure to rescue, has not been considered oppressive[11] in the way that vehement advocates of the English approach might lead one to believe such a law would. The truth is that both the English and the French approach in regards to liability for omissions to act have their respective shortcomings. The English approach does not afford enough weight to the worthy protection of the fundamental interest in human life and safety; the French approach does not afford sufficient attention to the worthy principles of autonomy, fair warning and the rule of law. Perhaps the solution therefore would be a compromise? I believe that the lesson English criminal law should learn from the Penal Code of our Continental comrades is the importance in recognising the harms involved with not helping a person who is in peril; English law must retain its firm stance with regards autonomy, fair warning and rule of law, but simultaneously afford a greater degree of attention to the protection of the fundamental interest in human life. As M. A. Menlowe[12] writes: â€Å"†¦when fundamental interests are involved (life, physical integrity), we should pause before accepting that an individual’s freedom of action is more valuable than a requirement to carry out a non-burdensome rescue.† In conclusion therefore, I would argue that perhaps a compromise should be employed by the English criminal law; a ‘duty of easy rescue’. The law should criminalise omissions to rescue those in peril where such a rescue is a simple and harmless task, but should not punish someone for not engaging in a rescue attempt when the risks associated with such a rescue are uncertain and complicated. Pessimists might argue that it would be too difficult to create a law which attempted a balance between on the one hand the respect for autonomy, adherence to the principle of fair warning and adequate protection of the rule of law, and on the other, a respect for protection of the fundamental interest in human life, but such critics should bear in mind that these three former principles are often found balanced with other interests throughout English law. As Feinberg remarks: â€Å"similar line-drawing problems exist throughout the law, and most have been found manageable.[13]† Bibliography A. Ashworth and E. Steiner ‘Criminal Ommissions and Public Duties (1990) 10 Legal Studies 153 A. Ashworth, ‘Principles of Criminal Law’, 3d. Oxford University Press 1999 p50 M. A. Menlowe. ‘The Philosophical Foundations of a Duty to Rescue,’ in M. A. Menlowe and A. McCall Smith (eds), The Duty to Rescue (1993) Feinberg, Harmless Wrongdoing, xii, summarising his argument in ‘Harm to Others’ 150-9 (1984) Cases cited: Pittwood (1902) 19 TLR 37 Dytham [1979] 3 All ER 641 Gibbins (1918) 82 JP 287 Smith [1979] Crim LR 251 Nicholls (1874) 13 Cox CC 75 Stone [1977] QB 354 Re T [1993] Fam 95 Miller [1983] 2 AC 161 Footnotes [1] Pittwood (1902) 19 TLR 37 [2] Dytham [1979] 3 All ER 641 [3] Gibbins (1918) 82 JP 287 [4] Smith [1979] Crim LR 251 [5] Nicholls (1874) 13 Cox CC 75 [6] Stone [1977] QB 354 [7] Stone [1977] QB 354 [8] These criteria were first set out in the case of Re T [1993] Fam 95 [9] Miller [1983] 2 AC 161 [10] A. Ashworth and E. Steiner ‘Criminal Ommissions and Public Duties (1990) 10 Legal Studies 153 [11] A. Ashworth, ‘Principles of Criminal Law’, 3d. Oxford University Press 1999 p50 [12] M. A. Menlowe. ‘The Philosophical Foundations of a Duty to Rescue,’ in M. A. Menlowe and A. McCall Smith (eds), The Duty to Rescue (1993) [13] Feinberg, Harmless Wrongdoing, xii, summarising his argument in ‘Harm to Others’ 150-9

Master Harold vs No Exit Essay -- Literary Analysis, Sartre, Fugard

The setting of a play is extremely vital. It could a form of symbolism, foreshadowing, or it can affect the characters in the play. The is exactly the case in both No Exit by Jean-Paul Sartre and â€Å"Master Harold†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦and the boys by Athol Fugard. The setting in both plays contain of one room that mainly consists of three major characters. The setting has an enormous impact on the behavior of the characters. The time period in which both plays are form also effect the style of writing and the characters. No Exit has an existentialist style of writing were as â€Å"Master Harold†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦and the boys was written in the apartheid era of South Africa. Both books have similar settings, but also involve some dissimilarity. The stage directions and the dialogue of the characters tell the audience that the play is set in one room. The number of characters that are going to be represented in the play are seen in the first scene. In the beginning of No Exit the stage directions show the audience the room. â€Å"A drawing-room in Second Empire style† (Sartre 3). This tells the reader that the play is in a one room set. â€Å"Then we’re to stay by ourselves, the three of us† (Sartre 10). One of the characters, Inez, is stating the fact that only three people are to reside in the room. This will create some tension, because No Exit is based on hell. The whole idea of hell to everyone is that it comes with a demon figure that is suppose to torture everyone. â€Å"The racks and red-hot pincers and all the other paraphernalia?† (Sartre 4). This is the regular hell, but in Sartre’s point of view hell is something different. He believes that hell is other people. This is where t he setting comes into play. Sartre puts the three different personalities in the same room to turn th... ...e to the question is obvious. This reveals the idea of bias between characters. Sam and Willie now both want to injury Hally, while Hally has injured Sam. In this play, Sam and Willie are against Hally, and in No Exit by the end Garcin is trying to impress Inez and Estelle is left alone. The setting also has a major impact on the audience. The one room forces the audience to be more attentive to the entrance and exits of the characters. Since the audience is familiar with the set by the end of the first scene, they can focus more on the dialogues and the stage directions. The audience is more involved in a play when the set is not changed. The audience can then interpret the literary elements of the play. Also in the case of â€Å"Master Harold†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦and the boys, Fugard had to move the play around South African ghettoes. This made the transportation easy and efficient.

Home Food VS Fast Food Essay

Homemade food is often treated as a privilege. Low cost of fast food and its nutrition value become a solution for many families who have neither time not money to cook at home. Warnings that fast food is not healthy do not stop Americans who treat it as an essential part of their daily diet. As a result, the prevalence of obese and overweight people plummets. If we look at what is behind attractive pricing strategies and delicious tastes offered at fast food chains, all facts support the idea that homemade food is a better choice. The articles _Is Junk Food Really Cheaper?_ by Mark Bittman and _Fast Food Versus Slow Food_ by Nancy Folbre provide enough facts to motivate people to cook at home. Out of these two articles, Folbre’s specific approach to argumentation makes her writing extremely persuasive and logical advocating cooking at home. One of the biggest advantages of fast food is that it is really fast. People do not spend much time ordering their food and eating it on the go. People tend to work more and cook less than they used to 50 years ago (Folbre). Technological development simplify people’s attitude to food and cooking; all they need is to heat their meals in the microwave oven. Moreover, accessibility of fast food restaurants is becoming better and better. Contrary to this, cooking at home seems less attractive due to the routine related to this process. Grocery shopping, cooking, cleaning up, and developing cooking skills are required. Because time is the most expensive thing in the world, not all people are ready to spend it on cooking. Many  Americans treat cooking as a job and they are confused that they are not paid for it. Complaints of many Americans about lack of time for cooking are common; however, the popularity of food shows is on the peak (Folbre). Instead of cooking, people prefer t o watch how others cook. According to Bittman, there are five fast food restaurants per each supermarket in the United States. If people eat at fast food restaurants, they forget about such chores as cooking and cleaning up and have more time to relax after work. Overall, it is difficult to argue that fast food restaurants are not convenient. In fact, they are life-saving for many people who work long hours and have no time to care about what they eat. Bittman states that average American family watches TV 1.5 hours a day; it means that they have enough free time. They lack motivation to cook and use ‘affordability’ argument to convince others that their behavior is right. A strong belief that cooking at home is expensive stops people from researching the issue in detail. Many of them even do not try to cook at home before they complain that it requires much money. Folbre uses a strong and persuasive argument to prove that home food is not as expensive as people think about it. She finds that people need 30 minutes to cook a burger at home. This time includes time spent on shopping, washing up, cooking, and serving. While an average burger costs around $4, the cost of ingredients for a burger is $1. Folbre states that 30 minutes spent on cooking can be easily compared to driving to a fast food restaurant or standing in line to buy a burger. Homemade burgers become even more affordable is they are cooked for the family because it still takes a bit more than 30 minutes and four burgers are ready as a result. Folbre’s experiment proves that people can afford to eat at home and it can be economical for their budget. However, time spent on cooking is the reason why many people prefer to eat out. Additionally, fast food is expensive according to both Bittman and Folbre, purely organic food is also very expensive because it requires special care and conditions to be produced. At the same time, fast food and organic food are two extremes; there are many other food products which are not too  expensive and healthy. Bittman challenges ‘affordability’ argument providing a list of alternatives which are budget-friendly. Rice with a simple salad costs less than McDonald’s dinner. It does not require developed cooking skills and much time to be ready. There are many TV-shows, YouTube channels and cook books which offer a number of different recipes for all life occasions. Cooking can be fun if people stop perceiving it as a chore. Bittman tries to catch the issue as a whole; as a result, his article complexly argues for home food benefits. Nutrition value of fast food is high; poor people believe that they need calories and eagerly consume fries and soda drinks. According to Bittman, Americans consume more calories they need a day; as a result, it leads to health issue related to weight gain. Fast food is addictive; even when people are full, they feel hungry after a while. There are special chemicals and flavors added to fast food to intensify its taste and make it desired for people. Ordinary home food contains less fat and sugar which makes it more useful for people. People who cook at home always know what ingredients they use to cook their meal which allows them making healthier choices. Also, it is very diverse and all people can find something simple to cook but delicious. In summary, both writers agree that people who experience lack of time and money often eat at fast food restaurants because they believe that it is cheaper than cooking at home. Some of them complain that they do not have time to cook daily. People always have time but set different priorities; some of them prefer to watch TV in the evening and it is their choice. While Bittman tries to persuade people making his argument global, Folbre focuses on the economic side of the issue and creates a solid line of argumentation. I like this specific approach to persuasion more than generalizations sprinkled by random statistics in Bittman’s article. Folbre successfully proves her point of view with the help of her experiment; she rationally counts money and time spent of home cooking to show that it can be economical and fast. Her research persuades me that cooking can be economical showing real examples in life situations. Bittman only lists alternatives while Folbre uses them and checks their relevance. Moreover, it  can be healthier, more nutritious and delicious. Home food contains less sugar and fat while fat is the main source of calories in fast food. People need to try and decide what is better for their health, schedule, and purse. Works Cited Bittman, Mark â€Å"Is Junk Food Really Cheaper†Ã¢â‚¬  Everything’s an Argument with Readings. Ed. Andrea A. Lunsford, John J. Ruszkiewicz, and Keith Walters. 6th ed. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2013. 660-665. Print. Folbre, Nancy. â€Å"Fast Food Versus Slow Food†. _The_ _New York Times._ July 29, 2013. Web. July 24, 2014.

Free Essays on Essay On Oedipus The King

(and sometimes the personalities representing them) gives to the stories and the vision of life they hold up something we might call a fatalistic quality. What exactly does this mean? What does a text mean when it invokes the concept of fate? Now, almost everyone will offer a definition of this quality, but it's surprising how those definitions can often differ. So let me attempt to clarify what, for the purposes of this lecture and beyond, I understand by these important terms. To invoke the concept of fate or to have a fatalistic vision of experience is, simply put, to claim that the most important forces which create, shape, guide, reward, and afflict human life are out of human control. There is someth... Free Essays on Essay On Oedipus The King Free Essays on Essay On Oedipus The King Introduction I have discussed one of the world's most famous plays, Sophocles's Oedipus the King, and my purpose here is to offer a general introduction to this famous and often puzzling work, which, from the time of the Classical Greeks, has set the standard for a form of literature we call dramatic tragedy. I shall be addressing that claim in some detail later on, but before getting to that or to the text of the play itself, I would like to clarify a couple of terms which are going to be crucial parts of the interpretative remarks I have to offer. In this preliminary part of the lecture, I shall attempt to link what goes on in this play to other works we have studied (or will be studying). The lecture thus falls into three parts: first, an initial discussion of some terms I wish to use (particularly the terms fate and hero), then an application of those terms to what we see going on in Oedipus the King, and finally, building on these two concerns, I would like to address the terms tragedy and tragic vision of experience. Fate, Fatalism, A Fatalistic World View In Sophocles's play, as in other works we have read, we encounter an obviously important notion, the role played by fate or the fates. The emphasis placed on these words (and sometimes the personalities representing them) gives to the stories and the vision of life they hold up something we might call a fatalistic quality. What exactly does this mean? What does a text mean when it invokes the concept of fate? Now, almost everyone will offer a definition of this quality, but it's surprising how those definitions can often differ. So let me attempt to clarify what, for the purposes of this lecture and beyond, I understand by these important terms. To invoke the concept of fate or to have a fatalistic vision of experience is, simply put, to claim that the most important forces which create, shape, guide, reward, and afflict human life are out of human control. There is someth...

Europe between Wars essays

Europe between Wars essays In this compelling account of Europe between the wars, Martin Kitchen outlines the intensifying crisis by looking at the peace settlement, followed by the economic and social troubles of the interwar period. Many of Martins books relate to the wars fought in the twentieth century, from World War I to the origins of the cold war. Europe between the wars starts off with a solid background of how the peace movements took place in the early 1900s followed by Martins profound discussions of the economic repercussions. Later in the book, he discusses the situation in France and Eastern Europe and concludes his book with a chapter on the origins of the Second World War. President Woodrow Wilsons peace movements were seen as sparkling to some while others, including Martin, referred to his fourteen points as vague, impractical and largely unacceptable to his allies. But later in the book he suggests that Wilsons fourteen points were not properly studied and his views and speeches were ignored by the majority. The author then points out the Sykes-Picot Agreement, in which Syria was to go to France and Palestine to Britain. The situation was further complicated by the Balfour Declaration of 1917, which accepted the Zionist demand for a Jewish homeland in Palestine. Even though the book was written in 1988, there was much tension going on in the Israeli occupied areas at that time. Martin does not discuss the background and the eventuality of the treaties in full as these conflicts in the West Bank are key concerns in todays politics. The most absorbing and enthralling chapter of the book is the one that discusses the post war economic situation in Europe. Martin has elaborated the situation by giving facts and statistical figures that include almost every economic aspect and terms used in the modern world. From unemployment to inflation, exchange ...

Coping with e-commerce (look at firm's distribution strategy in Essay

Coping with e-commerce (look at firm's distribution strategy in meeting delivery performance) - Essay Example To deliver aptly to all these customer sets, Amazon has put in place the largest warehouse and distribution systems for a e-commerce company in the world. Utilizing this extensive and efficient system, Amazon has bee able to improve its delivery performance optimally, even becoming a role model for other companies. â€Å"In the US, more and more traditional retailers are seeking to compete with the efficiency and shipping speed of online.† (Virtual Strategy 2011). E-Bay, which facilitates transactions between sellers and buyers of wide range of products, also exhibit good delivery performance, but not up to the levels of Amazon. However, lately it is trying to improve its delivery performance by adopting various measures. For example, for the sellers, who have optimum delivery performance or times, it offers financial discounts and better placements for their products. In addition, it also added shipment tracking codes, so as to prove that they have shipped the products on tim e. This way, e-Bay could match Amazon in delivery performance. "This is part of the whole picture of [eBay] getting more involved and more controlled like Amazon," (trendbird.biz). 2. B2B and B2C It becomes clear that the World Wide Web, unconstrained by the geographical territories and boundaries, allows the businesses to operate in a truly globalized scale. A business which not only takes orders for products online from its merchants or suppliers or the direct consumer customers, but also completes the transaction is a true example of B2B and B2C commerce. Business-to-business or â€Å"B2B† for short, is a term which is commonly used to explain the electronic form of business transactions that takes place between businesses (with minimum role for customers). B2B commerce website will serve as channels that will permit coordination between different businesses and outsourcing companies. Thus, the companies adopting this form or e-commerce will have online outlets, and throug h which they will prefer to deal with other companies only to sell their products and services, instead of directly offering it to the consumers. On the other hand, companies adopting Business to Consumer, or B2C for short, will put in place online portals, which offer products and services directly to the consumers. Many companies or retailers or online retailers all adopt this method, as they reach the product directly to the customer through their own network of supply chain and distribution centers. â€Å"B2C has grown to include services such as online banking, travel services, online auctions, health information and real estate sites† (Bajaj and Nag 2005). Apart from the basic difference in ‘end users’, the difference between B2B and B2C is B2B involves more long-term relationship than B2C, which is maximally one-off. That is, in the case of B2C, after the transaction is over, there may not be continual relationship, however in the case of B2B, the transact ions and relationship could continue for a longer time, if everything works out well. 3. Buy-side and Sell-side As stated by Chaffey (2002), â€Å"when evaluating the impact of e-commerce on an organisation, it is Instructive to identify opportunities; for buy-side and sell-side transactions". Only if those opportunities and the related challenges are identified, organizations can optimally tune its strategies and its organizational processes.

What does levinas mean when he claims that ethics is the first Essay

What does levinas mean when he claims that ethics is the first philosophy - Essay Example In light of that, it can be said that Levinas is not writing an ethics at all. Instead, he is exploring the meaning of intersubjectivity and lived immediacy in light of three themes: transcendence, existence, and the human other† (Bergo, 2007). Levinas' claim that the first philosophy is ethics, then, must be understood based off of his esoteric interpretation of the idea of ethics; nonetheless, the argument has some compelling qualities. Levinas' ethics begins with the simple, face-to-face interaction with another human being. Levinas tries to make the claim that the way that people behave when faced with each other implicitly places them in the same moral universe. At the core of Levinas's mature thought...are descriptions of the encounter with another person. That encounter evinces a particular feature: the other impacts me unlike any worldly object or force. I can constitute the other person cognitively, on the basis of vision, as an alter ego. I can see that another human being is â€Å"like me,† acts like me, appears to be the master of her conscious life. That was Edmund Husserl's basic phenomenological approach to constituting other people within a shared social universe. For Levinas, then, the fundamental reality to an interpersonal encounter is the basis for ethics. This ties in with ideas of ethics that Victorian-era scholars, Hume and Enlightenment scholars in general had about the obvious connection between empathy for others and moral behavior. (Wright, 1983, pg. 232; Parrinder, 1972; Halperin, 1974). Hume, for example, argued that empathy preceded more advanced moral judgments and was a necessary condition for those judgments: â€Å"[S]ympathy is the source of the esteem, which we pay to all the artificial virtues† (Wright, 1983, pg. 232). Hume's position is that empathy naturally guides us to behave to others morally: There is no need to tell most fathers that it is wrong to starve their children, and no need to tell people not to beat their friends randomly. It is when that empathy is stunted that pathological behavior is caused. Hume argued that the role of morality was merely to make explicit and clear the transition from obvious pri nciples derived from empathy to abstract behavior norms. Indeed, the Enlightenment in total agreed with Levinas' sentiment that it was human sympathy and interpersonal interaction that gave birth to moral behavior. Even Adam Smith, seemingly amoral in his defense of markets, actually assumed a deep empathy in human behavior, which combined with a fundamental political and economic equality that he assumed for his model